Novel non-imidazole compounds

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are novel compounds of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Also disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds of Formula I. 
     Also disclosed are methods of treating various diseases or conditions, such as, for example, allergy, allergy-induced airway responses, and congestion (e.g., nasal congestion) using the compounds of Formula I. 
     Also disclosed are methods of treating various diseases or conditions, such as, for example, allergy, allergy-induced airway responses, and congestion (e.g., nasal congestion) using the compounds of Formula I in combination with a H 1  receptor antagonist.

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/240,901 filed Oct. 17, 2000.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

WO 95/14007 published May 26, 1995 discloses H₃ receptor antagonists of the imidazole type.

WO99/24405 published May 20, 1999 discloses H₃ receptor ligands of the imidazole type.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,869,479 issued Feb. 9, 1999 discloses compositions for the treatment of the symptoms of allergic rhinitis using a combination of at least one histamine H₁ receptor antagonist and at least one histamine H₃ receptor antagonist.

In view of the art's interest in compounds which affect H₃ receptors, novel compounds that are antagonists of H₃ receptors would be a welcome contribution to the art. This invention provides just such a contribution.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides novel compounds of structure I.

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein

(1) R¹ is selected from:

-   -   (a) aryl;     -   (b) heteroaryl;     -   (c) heterocycloalkyl     -   (d) alkyl,     -   (e) cycloalkyl; or     -   (f) alkylaryl;         wherein said R¹ groups are optionally substituted with 1 to 4         substituents independently selected from:     -   (1) halogen (e.g., Br, F, or Cl, preferably F or Cl);     -   (2) hydroxyl (i.e., —OH);     -   (3) lower alkoxy (e.g., C₁ to C₆ alkoxy, preferably C₁ to C₄         alkoxy, most preferably C₁ to C₂ alkoxy, more preferably         methoxy);     -   (4) —CF₃;     -   (5) CF₃O—;     -   (6) —NR⁴R⁵;     -   (7) phenyl;     -   (8) —NO₂,     -   (9) —CO₂R⁴;     -   (10) —CON(R⁴)₂ wherein each R⁴ is the same or different;     -   (11) —S(O)_(m)N(R²⁰)₂ wherein each R²⁰ is the same or different         H or alkyl group, preferably C₁ to C₄ alkyl, most preferably         C₁-C₂ alkyl, and more preferably methyl;     -   (12) —CN; or     -   (13) alkyl; or

(2) R¹ and X taken together form a group selected from:

(3) X is selected from: ═C(O), ═C(NOR³), —C(NNR⁴R⁵),

(4) M¹ is carbon;

(5) M² is selected from C or N;

(6) M³ and M⁴ are independently selected from C or N;

(7) Y is selected from: is —CH₂—, ═C(O), ═C(NOR²⁰) (wherein R²⁰ is as defined above), or ═C(S);

(8) Z is a C₁-C₆ alkyl group;

(9) R² is a five or six-membered heteroaryl ring, said six-membered heteroaryl ring comprising 1 or 2 nitrogen atoms with the remaining ring atoms being carbon, and said five-membered heteroaryl ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms selected from: nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur with the remaining ring atoms being carbon; said five or six membered heteroaryl rings being optionally substituted with 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from: halogen, hydroxyl, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, —CF₃, CF₃O—, —NR⁴R⁵, phenyl, —NO₂, —CO₂R⁴, —CON(R⁴)₂ wherein each R⁴ is the same or different, —CH₂NR⁴R⁵, —(N)C(NR⁴R⁵)₂, or —CN;

(10) R³ is selected from:

-   -   (a) hydrogen;     -   (b) C₁-C₆ alkyl;     -   (c) aryl;     -   (d) heteroaryl;     -   (e) heterocycloalkyl;     -   (f) arylalkyl (e.g., aryl(C₁ to C₄)alkyl, e.g., —(CH₂)_(w)aryl         wherein w is 1 to 4, preferably 1 or 2, and most preferably 1,         such as, for example —CH₂phenyl or —CH₂substituted phenyl);     -   (g) —(CH₂)_(e)—C(O)N(R⁴)₂ wherein each R⁴ is the same or         different,     -   (h) —(CH₂)_(e)—C(O)OR⁴;     -   (i) —(CH₂)_(e)—C(O)R³⁰ wherein R³⁰ is a heterocycloalkyl group,         such as, for example, morpholinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl or         pyrrolidinyl, including

-   -   (j) —CF₃; or     -   (k) —CH₂CF₃;         wherein said aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, and the aryl         portion of said arylalkyl are optionally substituted with 1 to 3         (preferably 1) substituents selected from: halogen (e.g., F or         Cl), —OH, —OCF₃, —CF₃, —CN, —N(R⁴⁵)₂, —CO₂R⁴⁵, or —C(O)N(R⁴⁵)₂,         wherein each R⁴⁵ is independently selected from: H, alkyl,         alkylaryl, or alkylaryl wherein said aryl moiety is substituted         with 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from —CF₃, —OH,         halogen, alkyl, —NO₂, or —CN;

(11) R⁴ is selected from: hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, said aryl and alkylaryl groups being optionally substituted with 1 to 3 substituents selected from: halogen, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —N(R⁴⁵)₂, —CO₂R⁴⁵, —C(O)N(R⁴⁵)₂, or —CN; wherein R⁴⁵ is as defined above;

(12) R⁵ is selected from: hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C(O)R⁴, —C(O)₂R⁴, or —C(O)N(R⁴)₂ wherein each R⁴ is independently selected, and R⁴ is as defined above;

(13) or R⁴ and R⁵ taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound forms a five or six membered heterocycloalkyl ring (e.g., morpholine);

(14) R⁶ is selected from: alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, halogen, hydroxyl, lower alkoxy, —CF₃, CF₃O—, —NR⁴R⁵, phenyl, —NO₂, —CO₂R⁴, —CON(R⁴)₂ wherein each R⁴ is the same or different, or —CN;

(15) R¹² is selected from: alkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, or fluoro;

(16) R¹³ is selected from: alkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, or fluoro;

(17) a (subscript for R¹²) is 0 to 2;

(18) b (subscript for R¹³) is 0 to 2;

(19) c (subscript for R⁶) is 0 to 2;

(20) e is 0 to 5;

(21) m is 0 or 2;

(22) n is 1, 2 or 3; and

(23) p is 1, 2 or 3, with the proviso that when M³ and M⁴ are both nitrogen, then p is 2 or 3 (i.e., p is not 1 when M³ and M² are both nitrogen).

This invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of compound of Formula I, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

This invention further provides a method of treating: allergy, allergy-induced airway (e.g., upper airway) responses, congestion (e.g., nasal congestion), hypotension, cardiovascular disease, diseases of the GI tract, hyper and hypo motility and acidic secretion of the gastrointestinal tract, obesity, sleeping disorders (e.g., hypersomnia, somnolence, and narcolepsy), disturbances of the central nervous system, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD), hypo and hyperactivity of the central nervous system (for example, agitation and depression), and other CNS disorders (such as Alzheimer's, schizophrenia, and migraine) comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment (e.g., a mammal, such as a human being) an effective amount of a compound of Formula I.

This invention further provides a method of treating: allergy comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment (e.g., a mammal, such as a human being) an effective amount of a compound of Formula I.

This invention further provides a method of treating: allergy-induced airway (e.g., upper airway) responses comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment (e.g., a mammal, such as a human being) an effective amount of a compound of Formula I.

This invention further provides a method of treating: congestion (e.g., nasal congestion) comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment (e.g., a mammal, such as a human being) an effective amount of a compound of Formula I.

This invention further provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of a compound of Formula I, and an effective amount of a H₁ receptor antagonist in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

This invention further provides a method of treating: allergy, allergy-induced airway (e.g., upper airway) responses, and congestion (e.g., nasal congestion) comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment (e.g., a mammal, such as a human being) an effective amount of a compound of Formula I in combination with an effective amount of an H₁ receptor antagonist.

This invention further provides a method of treating: allergy comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment (e.g., a mammal, such as a human being) an effective amount of a compound of Formula I in combination with an effective amount of an H₁ receptor antagonist.

This invention further provides a method of treating: allergy-induced airway (e.g., upper airway) responses comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment (e.g., a mammal, such as a human being) an effective amount of a compound of Formula I in combination with an effective amount of an H₁ receptor antagonist.

This invention further provides a method of treating: congestion (e.g., nasal congestion) comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment (e.g., a mammal, such as a human being) an effective amount of a compound of Formula I in combination with an effective amount of an H₁ receptor antagonist.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

As used herein, the following terms have the following meanings, unless indicated otherwise:

alkyl—(including the alkyl portions of alkoxy and alkylaryl)—represents straight and branched carbon chains and contains from one to twenty carbon atoms, preferably one to six carbon atoms;

alkylaryl—represents an alkyl group, as defined above, bound to an aryl group, as defined below, wherein said aryl group is bound to the rest of the molecule;

aryl (including the aryl portion of alkylaryl)—represents a carbocyclic group containing from 6 to 15 carbon atoms and having at least one aromatic ring (e.g., aryl is a phenyl ring), with all available substitutable carbon atoms of the carbocyclic group being intended as possible points of attachment;

arylalkyl—represents an aryl group, as defined above, bound to an alkyl group, as defined above, wherein said alkyl group is bound to the rest of the molecule;

cycloalkyl—represents saturated carbocyclic rings of from 3 to 20 carbon atoms, preferably 3 to 7 carbon atoms;

halo (halogen)—represents fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo;

heteroaryl—represents cyclic groups, having at least one heteroatom selected from O, S or N, said heteroatom interrupting a carbocyclic ring structure and having a sufficient number of delocalized pi electrons to provide aromatic character, with the aromatic heterocyclic groups preferably containing from 2 to 14 carbon atoms; examples include but are not limited to isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, furazanyl, triazolyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, furanyl (furyl), pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, pyranyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyridyl (e.g., 2-, 3-, or 4-pyridyl), pyridyl N-oxide (e.g., 2-, 3-, or 4-pyridyl N-oxide), triaziny, pteridinyl, indolyl (benzopyrrolyl), pyridopyrazinyl, isoqinolinyl, quinolinyl, quinoxotinyl, naphthyridinyl, wherein said pyridyl N-oxide can be represented as:

heterocycloalkyl—represents a saturated, carbocylic ring containing from 3 to 15 carbon atoms, preferably from 4 to 6 carbon atoms, which carbocyclic ring is interrupted by 1 to 3 hetero groups selected from —O—, —S— or —NR⁴⁰— wherein R⁴⁰ represents C₁ to C₆ alkyl, arylalkyl, —C(O)R⁴, —C(O)OR⁴, or —C(O)N(R⁴⁵)₂ (wherein R⁴⁵ is as defined above, and each R⁴⁵ is independently selected); examples include but are not limited to 2- or 3-tetrahydrofuranyl, 2- or 3-tetrahydrothienyl, 2-, 3- or 4-piperidinyl, 2- or 3-pyrrolidinyl, 2- or 3-piperizinyl, 2- or 4-dioxanyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl, 1,3,5-trithianyl, pentamethylene sulfide, perhydroisoquinolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, trimethylene oxide, azetidinyl, 1-azacycloheptanyl, 1,3-dithianyl, 1,3,5-trioxanyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, 1,4-thioxanyl, and 1,3,5-hexahydrotriazinyl, thiazolidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl;

lower alkyl—represents an alkyl group, as defined above, that comprises 1 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably 1-4 carbon atoms;

lower alkoxy—represents an alkoxy group whose alkyl moiety comprises 1 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably 1-4 carbon atoms;

═C(O)—represents

═C(NOR³)—represents

wherein (1) represents a mixture of oxime isomers; (2) represents one geometric isomer of the oxime wherein the —OR³ group is on the same side of the double bond as the group to the left of the carbon atom; (3) represents one geometric isomer of the oxime wherein the —OR³ group is on the same side of the double bond as the group to the right of the carbon atom; and (1) can also be represented as:

═C(NNR⁴R⁵) represents

and represents a mixture of the isomers

—(N)C(NR⁴R⁵)₂ represents

in the structure

represents a nitrogen atom that is located at one of the 4 non-fused positions of the ring, i.e. positions 1, 2, 3 or 4 indicated below.

-   -   AcOH—represents acetic acid;     -   t-BOC—represents t-butyloxycarbonyl;     -   Ci/mmol—represents curie/mmol (a measure of specific activity);     -   m-CPBA—represents m-chloroperbenzoic acid;     -   CSA—represents camphorsulfonic acid;     -   CBZ—represents carbonylbenzyloxy (—C(O)OCH₂C₆H₅);     -   DBU—represents 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene;     -   DBN—represents 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene;     -   DCC—represents dicyclohexylcarbodiimide;     -   Dibal-H—represents diisobutylaluminum hydride;     -   DIPEA—represents N,N-diisopropylethylamine;     -   DMAP—represents 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine;     -   DEC—represents 2-diethylaminoethyl chloride hydrochloride;     -   DMF—represents dimethylformamide;     -   EDCl—represents 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide;     -   EtOAc—represents ethyl acetate;     -   EtOH—represents ethanol;     -   FMOC—represents 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl;     -   HOBT—represents 1-hydroxybenzotriazole;     -   HPLC—represents high performance liquid chromatography;     -   HRMS—represents high resolution mass spectrometry;     -   Ki—represents inhibition constant for substrate/receptor         complex;     -   LAH—lithium aluminum hydride;     -   LDA—represents lithium diisopropylamide;     -   LRMS—represents low resolution mass spectrometry;     -   MeOH—represents methanol;     -   NaBH(OAc)₃—represents sodium triacetoxyborohydride;     -   NaBH₄—represents sodium borohydride;     -   NaBH₃CN—represents sodium cyanoborohydride;     -   NaHMDS—represents sodium hexamethyl disilylazide;     -   nM—represents nanomolar;     -   pA₂—represents —logEC₅₀, as defined by J. Hey, Eur. J.         Pharmacol., (1995), Vol. 294, 329-335;     -   PCC—represents pyridinium chlorochromate;     -   PyBOP—represents         benzotriazole-1-yl-oxy-trispyrrolidino-phosphonium         hexafluorophosphate;     -   TEMPO—represents 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy, free         radical;     -   TFA—represents trifluoroacetic acid;     -   TMAD—represents N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylazodicarboxamide;     -   TMEDA—represents tetramethylethylenediamine;     -   Tr—represents triphenylmethyl,     -   Tris—represents tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethanetane; and     -   p-TsOH—represents p-toluenesulfonic acid.

Also, as used herein, “upper airway” usually means the upper respiratory system—i.e., the nose, throat, and associated structures.

Also, as used herein, “effective amount” generally means a therapeutically effective amount.

Lines drawn into the rings indicate that the indicated bond may be attached to any of the substitutable ring carbon atoms.

Certain compounds of the invention may exist in different isomeric (e.g., enantiomers, diastereoisomers and geometric) forms. The invention contemplates all such isomers both in pure form and in admixture, including racemic mixtures. Enol forms are also included.

The compounds of this invention are ligands for the histamine H₃ receptor. The compounds of this invention can also be described as antagonists of the H₃ receptor, or as H₃ antagonists.

The compounds of the invention are basic and form pharmaceutically acceptable salts with organic and inorganic acids. Examples of suitable acids for such salt formation are hydrochloric, sulfuric, phosphoric, acetic, citric, oxalic, malonic, salicylic, malic, fumaric, succinic, ascorbic, maleic, methanesulfonic and other mineral and carboxylic acids well known to those skilled in the art. The salts are prepared by contacting the free base form with a sufficient amount of the desired acid to produce a salt in the conventional manner. The free base forms may be regenerated by treating the salt with a suitable dilute aqueous base solution such as dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, ammonia and sodium bicarbonate. The free base forms differ from their corresponding salt forms somewhat in certain physical properties, such as solubility in polar solvents, but the salts are otherwise equivalent to their corresponding free base forms for purposes of this invention.

The compounds of Formula I can exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms, including hydrated forms, e.g., hemi-hydrate. In general, the solvated forms, with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol and the like are equivalent to the unsolvated forms for purposes of the invention.

The compounds of this invention can be combined with an H₁ receptor antagonist (i.e., the compounds of this invention can be combined with an H₁ receptor antagonist in a pharmaceutical composition, or the compounds of this invention can be administered with H₁ receptor antagonist).

Numerous chemical substances are known to have histamine H₁ receptor antagonist activity. Many useful compounds can be classified as ethanotamines, ethylenedia mines, alkylamines, phenothiazines or piperidines. Representative H₁ receptor antagonists include, without limitation: astemizole, azatadine, azelastine, acrivastine, brompheniramine, cetirizine, chlorpheniramine, clemastine, cyclizine, carebastine, cyproheptadine, carbinoxamine, descarboethoxyloratadine (also known as SCH-34117), diphenhydramine, doxylamine, dimethindene, ebastine, epinastine, efletirizine, fexofenadine, hydroxyzine, ketotifen, loratadine, levocabastine, meclizine, mizolastine, mequitazine, mianserin, noberastine, norastemizole, picumast, pyrilamine, promethazine, terfenadine, tripelennamine, temelastine, trimeprazine and triprolidine. Other compounds can readily be evaluated to determine activity at H₁ receptors by known methods, including specific blockade of the contractile response to histamine of isolated guinea pig ileum. See for example, WO98/06394 published Feb. 19, 1998.

Thus, in the methods of this invention wherein a compound of Formula I is combined with an effective amount of an H₁ receptor antagonist, said H₁ receptor antagonist is selected from: astemizole, azatadine, azelastine, acrivastine, brompheniramine, cetirizine, chlorpheniramine, clemastine, cyclizine, carebastine, cyproheptadine, carbinoxamine, descarboethoxyloratadine, diphenhydramine, doxylamine, dimethindene, ebastine, epinastine, efletirizine, fexofenadine, hydroxyzine, ketotifen, loratadine, levocabastine, meclizine, mizolastine, mequitazine, mianserin, noberastine, norastemizole, picumast, pyrilamine, promethazine, terfenadine, tripelennamine, temelastine, trimeprazine or triprolidine.

Also, in the methods of this invention wherein a compound of Formula I is combined with an effective amount of an H₁ receptor antagonist, said H₁ receptor antagonist is selected from: astemizole, azatadine, azelastine, brompheniramine, cetirizine, chlorpheniramine, clemastine, carebastine, descarboethoxyloratadine, diphenhydramine, doxylamine, ebastine, fexofenadine, loratadine, levocabastine, mizolastine, norastemizole, or terfenadine.

Also, in the methods of this invention wherein a compound of Formula I is combined with an effective amount of an H₁ receptor antagonist, said H₁ receptor antagonist is selected from: azatadine, brompheniramine, cetirizne, chlorpheniramine, carebastine, descarboethoxyloratadine (also known as SCH-34117), diphenhydramine, ebastine, fexofenadine, loratadine, or norastemizole.

Also, in the methods of this invention wherein a compound of Formula I is combined with an effective amount of an H₁ receptor antagonist, said H₁ receptor antagonist is loratadine.

Also, in the methods of this invention wherein a compound of Formula I is combined with an effective amount of an H₁ receptor antagonist, said H₁ receptor antagonist is descarboethoxyloratadine.

Also, in the methods of this invention wherein a compound of Formula I is combined with an effective amount of an H₁ receptor antagonist, said H₁ receptor antagonist is fexofenadine.

Also, in the methods of this invention wherein a compound of Formula I is combined with an effective amount of an H₁ receptor antagonist, said H₁ receptor antagonist is cetirizine.

Preferably, in the above methods, allergy-induced airway responses are treated.

Also, preferably, in the above methods, allergy is treated.

Also, preferably, in the above methods, nasal congestion is treated.

Preferably, in the above methods using a combination of a compound of Formula I (H₃ antagonist) and an H₁ antagonist, the H₁ antagonist is selected from: loratadine, descarboethoxyloratadine, fexofenadine or cetirizine. Most preferably the H₁ antagonist is loratadine or descarboethoxyloratadine.

In the methods of this invention wherein a combination of an H₃ antagonist of this invention (compound of Formula I) is administered with a H₁ antagonist, the antagonists can be administered simultaneously, consecutively (one after the other within a relatively short period of time), or sequentially (first one and then the other over a period of time). In general, when the antagonists are administered consecutively or sequentially, the H₃ antagonist of this invention (compound of Formula I) is administered first.

Thus, one embodiment of this invention is directed to a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of Compound 32 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of Compound 54 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of Compound 55 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of Compound 253A and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of Compound 287 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of Compound 320 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method of treating: allergy, allergy-induced airway responses, congestion, hypotension, cardiovascular disease, hypotension, diseases of the GI tract, hyper and hypo motility and acidic secretion of the gastrointestinal tract, obesity, sleeping disorders, disturbances of the central nervous system, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, hypo and hyperactivity of the central nervous system, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, and migraine comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of Compound 32.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method of treating: allergy, allergy-induced airway responses, congestion, hypotension, cardiovascular disease, hypotension, diseases of the GI tract, hyper and hypo motility and acidic secretion of the gastro-intestinal tract, obesity, sleeping disorders, disturbances of the central nervous system, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, hypo and hyperactivity of the central nervous system, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, and migraine comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of Compound 54.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method of treating: allergy, allergy-induced airway responses, congestion, hypotension, cardiovascular disease, hypotension, diseases of the GI tract, hyper and hypo motility and acidic secretion of the gastrointestinal tract, obesity, sleeping disorders, disturbances of the central nervous system, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, hypo and hyperactivity of the central nervous system, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, and migraine comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of Compound 55.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method of treating: allergy, allergy-induced airway responses, congestion, hypotension, cardiovascular disease, hypotension, diseases of the GI tract, hyper and hypo motility and acidic secretion of the gastrointestinal tract, obesity, sleeping disorders, disturbances of the central nervous system, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, hypo and hyperactivity of the central nervous system, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, and migraine comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of Compound 253A.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method of treating: allergy, allergy-induced airway responses, congestion, hypotension, cardiovascular disease, hypotension, diseases of the GI tract, hyper and hypo motility and acidic secretion of the gastro-intestinal tract, obesity, sleeping disorders, disturbances of the central nervous system, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, hypo and hyperactivity of the central nervous system, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, and migraine comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of Compound 287.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method of treating: allergy, allergy-induced airway responses, congestion, hypotension, cardiovascular disease, hypotension, diseases of the GI tract, hyper and hypo motility and acidic secretion of the gastrointestinal tract, obesity, sleeping disorders, disturbances of the central nervous system, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, hypo and hyperactivity of the central nervous system, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, and migraine comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of Compound 320.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method of treating allergy-induced airway responses comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of Compound 32.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method of treating allergy-induced airway responses comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of Compound 54.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method of treating allergy-induced airway responses comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of Compound 55.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method of treating allergy-induced airway responses comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of Compound 253A.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method of treating allergy-induced airway responses comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of Compound 287.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method of treating allergy-induced airway responses comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of Compound 320.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method of treating allergy or nasal congestion comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of Compound 32.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method of treating allergy or nasal congestion comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of Compound 54.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method of treating allergy or nasal congestion comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of Compound 55.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method of treating allergy or nasal congestion comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of Compound 253A.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method of treating allergy or nasal congestion comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of Compound 287.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method of treating allergy or nasal congestion comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of Compound 320.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of Compound 32, and an effective amount of H₁ receptor antagonist, and a pharmaceutically effective carrier.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of Compound 54, and an effective amount of H₁ receptor antagonist, and a pharmaceutically effective carrier. Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of Compound 55, and an effective amount of H₁ receptor antagonist, and a pharmaceutically effective carrier.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of Compound 253A, and an effective amount of H₁ receptor antagonist, and a pharmaceutically effective carrier.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of Compound 287, and an effective amount of H₁ receptor antagonist, and a pharmaceutically effective carrier. Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of Compound 320, and an effective amount of H₁ receptor antagonist, and a pharmaceutically effective carrier.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method of treating: allergy, allergy-induced airway responses, and congestion comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of Compound 32 in combination with an effective amount of an H₁ receptor antagonist.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method of treating: allergy, allergy-induced airway responses, and congestion comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of Compound 54 in combination with an effective amount of an H₁ receptor antagonist.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method of treating: allergy, allergy-induced airway responses, and congestion comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of a Compound 55 in combination with an effective amount of an H₁ receptor antagonist.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method of treating: allergy, allergy-induced airway responses, and congestion comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of Compound 253A in combination with an effective amount of an H₁ receptor antagonist.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method of treating: allergy, allergy-induced airway responses, and congestion comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of Compound 287 in combination with an effective amount of an H₁ receptor antagonist.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method of treating: allergy, allergy-induced airway responses, and congestion comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of Compound 320 in combination with an effective amount of an H₁ receptor antagonist.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method of treating: allergy, allergy-induced airway responses, and congestion comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of Compound 32 in combination with an effective amount of an H₁ receptor antagonist selected from: astemizole, azatadine, azelastine, acrivastine, brompheniramine, cetirizine, chlorpheniramine, clemastine, cyclizine, carebastine, cyproheptadine, carbinoxamine, descarboethoxyloratadine, diphenhydramine, doxylamine, dimethindene, ebastine, epinastine, efletirizine, fexofenadine, hydroxyzine, ketotifen, loratadine, levocabastine, meclizine, mizolastine, mequitazine, mianserin, noberastine, norastemizole, picumast, pyrilamine, promethazine, terfenadine, tripelennamine, temelastine, trimeprazine or triprolidine.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method of treating: allergy, allergy-induced airway responses, and congestion comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of Compound 54 in combination with an effective amount of an H₁ receptor antagonist selected from: astemizole, azatadine, azelastine, acrivastine, brompheniramine, cetirizine, chlorpheniramine, clemastine, cyclizine, carebastine, cyproheptadine, carbinoxamine, descarboethoxyloratadine, diphenhydramine, doxylamine, dimethindene, ebastine, epinastine, efletirizine, fexofenadine, hydroxyzine, ketotifen, loratadine, levocabastine, meclizine, mizolastine, mequitazine, mianserin, noberastine, norastemizole, picumast, pyrilamine, promethazine, terfenadine, tripelennamine, temelastine, trimeprazine or triprolidine.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method of treating: allergy, allergy-induced airway responses, and congestion comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of Compound 55 in combination with an effective amount of an H₁ receptor antagonist selected from: astemizole, azatadine, azelastine, acrivastine, brompheniramine, cetirizine, chlorpheniramine, clemastine, cyclizine, carebastine, cyproheptadine, carbinoxamine, descarboethoxyloratadine, diphenhydramine, doxylamine, dimethindene, ebastine, epinastine, efletirizine, fexofenadine, hydroxyzine, ketotifen, loratadine, levocabastine, meclizine, mizolastine, mequitazine, mianserin, noberastine, norastemizole, picumast, pyrilamine, promethazine, terfenadine, tripelennamine, temelastine, trimeprazine or triprolidine.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method of treating: allergy, allergy-induced airway responses, and congestion comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of Compound 253A in combination with an effective amount of an H₁ receptor antagonist selected from: astemizole, azatadine, azelastine, acrivastine, brompheniramine, cetirizine, chlorpheniramine, clemastine, cyclizine, carebastine, cyproheptadine, carbinoxamine, descarboethoxyloratadine, diphenhydramine, doxylamine, dimethindene, ebastine, epinastine, efletirizine, fexofenadine, hydroxyzine, ketotifen, loratadine, levocabastine, meclizine, mizolastine, mequitazine, mianserin, noberastine, norastemizole, picumast, pyrilamine, promethazine, terfenadine, tripelennamine, temelastine, trimeprazine or triprolidine.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method of treating: allergy, allergy-induced airway responses, and congestion comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of Compound 287 in combination with an effective amount of an H₁ receptor antagonist selected from: astemizole, azatadine, azelastine, acrvastine, brompheniramine, cetirizine, chlorpheniramine, clemastine, cyclizine, carebastine, cyproheptadine, carbinoxamine, descarboethoxyloratadine, diphenhydramine, doxylamine, dimethindene, ebastine, epinastine, efletirizine, fexofenadine, hydroxyzine, ketotifen loratadine, levocabastine, meclizine, mizolastine, mequitazine, mianserin, noberastine, norastemizole, picumast, pyrilamine, promethazine, terfenadine, tripelennamine, temelastine, trimeprazine or triprolidine.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method of treating: allergy, allergy-induced airway responses, and congestion comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of Compound 320 in combination with an effective amount of an H₁ receptor antagonist selected from: astemizole, azatadine, azelastine, acrivastine, brompheniramine, cetirizine, chlorpheniramine, clemastine, cyclizine, carebastine, cyproheptadine, carbinoxamine, descarboethoxyloratadine, diphenhydramine, doxylamine, dimethindene, ebastine, epinastine, efletirizine, fexofenadine, hydroxyzine, ketotifen, loratadine, levocabastine, meclizine, mizolastine, mequitazine, mianserin, noberastine, norastemizole, picumast, pyrilamine, promethazine, terfenadine, tripelennamine, temelastine, trimeprazine or triprolidine.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method of treating: allergy, allergy-induced airway responses, and congestion comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of Compound 32 in combination with an effective amount of an H₁ receptor antagonist selected from: loratadine, descarboethoxyloratadine, fexofenadine or cetirizine.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method of treating: allergy, allergy-induced airway responses, and congestion comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of Compound 54 in combination with an effective amount of an H₁ receptor antagonist selected from: loratadine, descarboethoxyloratadine, fexofenadine or cetirizine.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method of treating: allergy, allergy-induced airway responses, and congestion comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of Compound 55 in combination with an effective amount of an H₁ receptor antagonist selected from: loratadine, descarboethoxyloratadine fexofenadine or cetirizine.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method of treating: allergy, allergy-induced airway responses, and congestion comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of Compound 253A in combination with an effective amount of an H₁ receptor antagonist selected from: loratadine, descarboethoxyloratadine, fexofenadine or cetirizine.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method of treating: allergy, allergy-induced airway responses, and congestion comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of Compound 287 in combination with an effective amount of an H₁ receptor antagonist selected from: loratadine, descarboethoxyloratadine, fexofenadine or cetirizine.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method of treating: allergy, allergy-induced airway responses, and congestion comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of Compound 320 in combination with an effective amount of an H₁ receptor antagonist selected from: loratadine, descarboethoxyloratadine, fexofenadine or cetirizine.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method of treating: allergy, allergy-induced airway responses, and congestion comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of Compound 32 in combination with an effective amount of an H₁ receptor antagonist selected from: loratadine or descarboethoxyloratadine.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method of treating: allergy, allergy-induced airway responses, and congestion comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of Compound 54 in combination with an effective amount of an H₁ receptor antagonist selected from: loratadine or descarboethoxyloratadine.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method of treating: allergy, allergy-induced airway responses, and congestion comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of Compound 55 in combination with an effective amount of an H₁ receptor antagonist selected from: loratadine or descarboethoxyloratadine.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method of treating: allergy, allergy-induced airway responses, and congestion comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of Compound 253A in combination with an effective amount of an H₁ receptor antagonist selected from: loratadine or descarboethoxyloratadine.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method of treating: allergy, allergy-induced airway responses, and congestion comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of Compound 287 in combination with an effective amount of an H₁ receptor antagonist selected from, loratadine or descarboethoxyloratadine.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method of treating: allergy, allergy-induced airway responses, and congestion comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of Compound 320 in combination with an effective amount of an H₁ receptor antagonist selected from: loratadine or descarboethoxyloratadine.

R¹ is preferably selected from:

-   -   (A) aryl (most preferably phenyl);     -   (B) substituted aryl (e.g., substituted phenyl), wherein the         substituents on said substituted aryl are most preferably         selected from: (1) halo (e.g., monohalo or dihalo), more         preferably chloro or fluoro, even more preferably monochloro,         dichloro, monofluoro or difluoro; or (2) alkyl, more preferably         unbranched (i.e., straight chain, e.g., methyl) alkyl, even more         preferably substituted alkyl, still more preferably alkyl         substituted with halo (e.g., 1, 2 or 3 halo atoms, such as Cl or         F), even still more preferably alkyl substituted with fluoro         atoms, yet still more preferably trifluoromethyl;     -   (C) heteroaryl, most preferably a five or six membered         heteroaryl ring, more preferably a six membered heteroaryl ring,         and still more preferably pyridyl, examples of heteroaryl rings         include pyridyl, thienyl, pyrimidinyl, thiazolyl or pyridyl         N-Oxide, most preferred heteroaryl rings are exemplified by

is preferred more;

-   -   (D) substituted heteroaryl, most preferably halo or alkyl         substituted heteroaryl (e.g., halopyridyl (e.g., fluoropyridyl)         and alkylthiazolyl), more preferably substituted heteroaryl         wherein the substituents are independently selected from the         same or different alkyl groups (even more preferably one         straight chain alkyl group, e.g., methyl), still more preferably         alkyl substituted thiazolyl, and even more preferably

yet even more preferably

-   -   (E) when R¹ is taken together with X, then the moiety is

wherein c is most preferably 0 or 1, and when c is 1 then R⁶ is most preferably halo, and when c is 1 then R⁶ is more preferably fluoro.

X is preferably ═C(NOR³) wherein R³ is preferably selected from H, alkyl or halo substituted alkyl (e.g., fluoro substituted alkyl, such as —CH₂CF₃), most preferably alkyl, more preferably methyl or ethyl, and still more preferably methyl.

Preferably M² is nitrogen.

n is preferably 2.

a is preferably 0 or 1, and most preferably 0.

b is preferably 0 or 1 and most preferably 0.

c is preferably 0 or 1, and most preferably 0, and when c is 1 then R⁶ is preferably halo, and when c is 1 R⁶ is most preferably fluoro.

e is preferably 1-5.

Y is preferably ═C(O) (i.e., ═C═O).

M³ and M⁴ are preferably selected such that: (1) one is carbon and the other is nitrogen, or (2) both are nitrogen, with M³ most preferably being carbon.

p is preferably 2.

Z is preferably C₁ to C₃ alkyl, and most preferably

R² is preferably a six membered heteroaryl ring, most preferably pyridyl, substituted pyridyl, pyrimidinyl or substituted pyrimidinyl, more preferably pyridyl, pyridyl substituted with —NR⁴R⁵, pyrimidinyl or pyrimidinyl substituted with —NR⁵, still more preferably pyridyl, pyridyl substituted with —NH₂ (i.e., R⁴ and R⁵ are H), pyrimidinyl or pyrimidinyl substituted with —NH₂ (i.e., R⁴ and R⁵ are H), and even more preferably

and still even more preferably

R³ is preferably H or alkyl, most preferably H or methyl.

R⁴ is preferably H or lower alkyl, most preferably H or methyl, and more preferably H.

R⁵ is preferably H, C₁ to C₆alkyl or —C(O)R⁴, most preferably H or methyl, and more preferably H.

R¹² is preferably alkyl, hydroxyl or fluoro, and most preferably H.

R¹³ is preferably alkyl, hydroxyl or fluoro, and most preferably H.

Representative compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to: Compounds 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 41, 44, 45, 49, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57A, 59, 65, 75, 76, 80, 82, 83, 88, 92, 99, 104, 105, 110, 111, 117, 121, 123, 127, 128, 200-241, 244-273, 275, and 278-282, 287, 296, 301-439 and 446.

Thus, representative compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to: Compounds 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 44, 45, 49, 50, 53, 54, 55, 59, 75, 76, 83, 88, 92, 99, 104, 110, 117, 128, 200, 201, 203-215, 217-241, 244-246, 246A, 247-253, 253A, 254-273, 275, 278, and 280-282, 317, 334 and 403.

Preferred compounds of this invention are selected from: Compound 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 50, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57A, 59, 92, 212, 215, 218, 219, 220, 224, 225, 226, 227, 229, 233, 235, 237, 238, 246, 246A, 247, 248, 251, 253, 253A, 268-273, 275, 278-281, 287, 296, 301, 304-307, 309, 312, 314-318, 320-356, or 358-376.

Most preferred compounds of this invention are selected from: Compound 30, 31, 32, 33, 54, 55, 56, 57A, 225, 237, 246A, 253A, 273, 280, 287, 296, 301, 304-307, 309, 312, 314-318, 320-348, 350-356, 359-372, and 374-376.

Thus, one embodiment of this invention is directed to Compound 32.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to Compound 54.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to Compound 55.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to Compound 253A.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to Compound 287.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to Compound 320.

Structures for the above compounds are found in the Examples below, and in Tables 1 to 3 below.

The more preferred compound of this invention is the compound of the formula:

This invention also provides a compound of the formula:

This invention also provides a compound of the formula,

Compounds 32A and 32B can also be used in the pharmaceutical compositions, and the methods of this invention.

The following processes may be employed to produce compounds of the invention.

One synthetic route involves a linear sequence of reactions to obtain the desired compounds, i.e.,

A+B→AB+C→ABC+D→ABCD

This linear sequence of reactions to synthesize compounds of this invention is illustrated below. In the illustrated procedure R¹ is aryl, heteroaryl, or alkyl; X=a ketone, oxime or substituted oxime; M¹=M³=carbon; M²=M⁴=nitrogen; Y is C═O; Z═CHR; R² is heteroaryl; and n and m=2 (n and m being 1 can also be prepared by this procedure).

Step: 1 Synthesis of Ketone 8

In the above equations PG represents a protecting group, and M represents Li or MgX¹ (wherein X¹ represents Cl, Br or I).

In equation 1 and 2, a Grignard reagent 2 is reacted with an electrophile such as the aldehyde 1 or the nitrile 4 in a suitable aprotic solvent such as THF or ether. PG represents a protecting group. Suitable protecting groups include, for example, methyl and benzyl. In the case of nitrite 4, acidic workup yields the ketone 8 directly. Alcohol 3 can be oxidized by a number of different reagents to give 8. Alternatively, the amide 7 can be reacted with an organometallic reagent to directly give the ketone 8. Suitable protecting groups for this step include carbamates or amides or the like. Thus, examples of protecting groups in equation 3 include t-BOC, CBZ and FMOC.

Step 2: Deprotection of 8

When the protecting group, PG, is a methyl group, said methyl group can be removed using a reagent such as a chloroformate; when PG is a carbamate, such as, a t-Boc group, it can be removed by dilute acid, such as, for example HCl.

Step 3: Synthesis of 11

Amine 9 can be coupled to acid 10 using a number of methods well known in the art such as DCC or PyBOP. Alternatively, the acid 10 can be activated by conversion to the acid chloride or mixed anhydride and then reacted with the amine 9 to give 11. Suitable protecting groups for 10 include, for example, t-Boc.

Step 4: Synthesis of Amine 12

Compound 11 in which the protecting group is a t-Boc can be deprotected under acidic conditions such as HCl in dioxane or TFA in CH₂Cl₂ to give the amine 12.

Step 5: Synthesis of Compound 14

R³⁰ in 13 represents an alkyl group. E is a leaving group, halogen, or E is a carbonyl group.

Compound 14 can be prepared by reacting amine 12 with 13. When E represents a carbonyl group (C═O), 12 and 13 are combined in a solvent such as CH₂Cl₂ in the presence of molecular sieves. After the reaction is complete (e.g., 1 to 10 h), a reducing agent such as NaBH(OAc)₃ is added. Alternatively, when E is a halogen atom such as Cl or Br, 12 and 13 are combined in a solvent, such as OMF, in the presence of a tertiary amine base to give the product 14. Suitable protecting groups include, for example t-Boc, phthaloyl.

Step 6: Synthesis of Compound 16

Compound 14 can be converted to the oxime 15 by combining 14 with H₂NOR³.HCl in pyridine at a temperature of 40-60° C. Alternatively, 14 can be combined with H₂NOR³. HCl in an alcoholic solvent in the presence of a base, such as, NaOAc, to give 15.

An alternate approach to the synthesis of compounds of Formula I involves the synthesis of the two halves of the molecule followed by coupling of the two pieces, i.e.,

A+B→AB

C+D→CD

AB+CD→ABCD

In this case, the synthesis of the AB fragment is the same as that described above. The synthesis of the CD fragment is given below.

Step 1: Synthesis of Compound 17

R³⁰ is as defined above (i.e., alkyl). R³⁵ is methyl or ethyl.

Compound 17 is synthesized in the same manner as that described for the synthesis of compound 14.

Step 2: Synthesis of Compound 18

M represents Li, Na, or K.

Compound 17 is saponified in a mixed solvent, such as, for example: (1) EtOH or MeOH and water, or (2) THF, water, and MeOH, using an alkali metal base such as LiOH or NaOH at a temperature of from 50 to 100° C. to give the salt 18.

Compound 18 can be combined with compound 9, as described above, to give 14. The remaining steps are the same.

Compounds useful in this invention are exemplified by the following examples which should not be construed as limiting the scope of the disclosure. Alternative mechanistic pathways and analogous structures within the scope of the invention may be apparent to those skilled in the art.

EXAMPLE 1 Step 1

To a solution of 10.81 g (100 mmol) of 2-amino-4-methylpyridine in 250 ml of tert-butanol was added 26.19 g (120 mmol) of BOC anhydride. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, concentrated, loaded on silica gel and flash chromatographed (from 30% hexanes/CH₂Cl₂ to 0-2% acetone/CH₂Cl₂) to produce 15.25 g (73.32 mmol; 73%) of 1A as a white solid.

Step 2

To a −78° C. solution of 1A (35.96 g, 173 mmol) in THF (1.4 L) was added 1.4 M BuLi solution (272 ml, 381 mmol) in hexanes in portions over 30 min. Reaction mixture was then allowed to warm up and was stirred for 2 h at room temperature, which resulted in the formation of an orange precipiate. The mixture was cooled back to −78° C., and predried oxygen (passed through a Drierite column) was bubbled through the suspension for 6 h while the temperature was maintained at −78° C. Reaction mixture color changed to yellow during this time. It was then quenched at −78° C. with 51.4 ml (700 mmol) of Me₂S followed by 22 ml (384 mmol) of AcOH. Reaction mixture was allowed to warm up and was stirred for 48 h at room temperature. Dilution with water and extraction with EtOAc were followed by concentration and flash chromatography (0-15% acetone/CH₂Cl₂) to provide 20.15 g (90 mmol; 52%) of alcohol 2A as a pale yellow solid.

Step 3

To a solution of 19.15 g (85.5 mmol) of alcohol 2A in 640 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was added saturated aqueous solution of 8.62 g (103 mmol) of NaHCO₃ and 444 mg (4.3 mmol) of NaBr. Reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C., and 140 mg (0.90 mmol) of TEMPO was introduced. Upon vigorous stirring 122 ml of 0.7 M (85.4 mmol) commercial bleach solution (5.25% in NaOCl) was added in portions over 40 min. After additional 20 min at 0° C. reaction mixture was quenched with saturated aqueous Na₂S₂O and allowed to warm to room temperature. Dilution with water and extraction with CH₂Cl₂ were followed by concentration and flash chromatography (from 30% hexanes/CH₂Cl₂ to 0-2% acetone/CH₂Cl₂) to afford 15.97 g (71.9 mmol; 84%) of aldehyde 3A as an off-white solid.

Step 4

To a solution of 11.87 g (53.5 mmol) of aldehyde 3A in 370 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was added 9.07 ml (58.8 mmol) of ethyl isonipecotate followed by four drops of AcOH. Reaction mixture was then stirred for 40 min at room temperature after which 22.68 g (107 mmol) of NaBH(OAc)₃ was introduced. Reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature, neutralized with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, diluted with water and extracted with CH₂Cl₂. Concentration and flash chromatography (0-4% sat. NH₃ in MeOH/CH₂Cl₂) provided 19.09 mg (52.6 mmol; 98%) of 4A as an off-white solid.

Step 5

To a solution of 1.57 g (4.33 mmol) of ester 4A in 10 ml of a 3:1:1 mixture of THF-water-methanol was added 0.125 g (5.21 mmol) of LiOH. Reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature, concentrated and exposed to high vacuum to obtain 1.59 g of crude acid 5A as a yellowish solid which was used without purification.

EXAMPLE 2

A solution of compound 6A (42 mmol), NBS (126 mmol) and Bz₂O₂ (4.2 mmol) in CCl₄ (400 ml) was refluxed at 80° C. for 5 h, cooled and stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction was filtered and concentrated, and the residue was purified by flash column (30% EtOAc/Hexane) to obtain the desired compound 7A (3.1 g, 23%).

EXAMPLE 3 Step 1

To a solution of 8A (10 g, 79.4 mmol) and DMAP (0.029 g, 0.24 mmol) in methylene chloride (150 mL) at 0° C. was added phthaloyl dichloride (16.1 g, 79.4 mmol) dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. After stirring overnight, the reaction was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, water, dried and concentrated to give compound 9A as a yellow solid (20 g, 99.8%) which was used without further purification.

Step 2

In a manner similar to that described in Example 27 compound 9A (20 g, 79.3 mmol) was convened to compound 10A.

Step 3

Compound 10A (0.5 g, 1.5 mmol) and hydrazine (0.5 M in ethanol, 5 mL, 2.5 mmol) were combined and stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction was diluted with water and extracted with methylene chloride. The organic layer was dried, concentrated and the residue purified on a flash column (3% methanol in ethyl acetate) to give compound 11A (0.2 g, 66%).

EXAMPLE 4 Step 1

Compounds 12A (2 g, 18.3 mmol) and 13A (3.5 g, 22 mmol) were dissolved in methylene chloride and stirred at room temperature for 1 h. NaB(OAc)₃H (5.4 g, 25.6 mmol) was added and the mixture stirred at room temperature for 5 h. The reaction was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, dried and concentrated, and the residue purified by flash column (2% methanol in ethyl acetate). Compound 14A was obtained (4.5 g, 99%).

Step 2

In a manner similar to that described in Example 1, Step 5, compound 14A (0.35 g, 1.4 mmol) was converted to compound 15A (0.31 g, 100%).

EXAMPLE 5 Step 1

To the solution of 2,4-diflorobenzylaldehyde (16A, 28.1 mmol) in THF (10 ml) was added the Grignard reagent 17A (1.33M in THF, 30 ml), and the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction was quenched with saturated NH₄Cl (150 ml), extracted three times with EtOAc (100 ml), dried, filtered and concentrated. Flash chromatography (20% MeOH/EtOAc) yielded the desired compound 18A (1.8 g, 27%).

Step 2

Compound 18A (1.6 g, 6.7 mmol), H₂NHOH.HCl (0.95 g, 6.7 mmol) and pyridine (10 mL) were combined and heated to 60° C. overnight. The pyridine was removed under vacuum and the residue treated with methylene chloride and saturated aqueous NaHCO₃. The organic layer was separated, dried, and concentrated, and the residue purified by flash chromatography to give compound 19A (1.4 g, 82%).

Step 3

To the suspension of NaH (0.41 g, 10.2 mmol) in THF (10 ml) was slowly added a solution of 19A (1.3 g, 5.11 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) dropwise and the reaction stirred at 70˜75° C. overnight. The mixture was extracted twice with EtOAc and three times with H₂O (30 mL), dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to give crude 20A which was used without further purification (1.04 g, 87%).

Step 4

To the solution of compound 20A (4.3 mmol) in dichloroethane (20 ml) at 0° C. was added 2-chloroethyl chloroformate (6.2 mmol) and triethylamine (7.2 mmol) and the reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight. The solvent was evaporated, Et₂O was added to the residue, and the unreacted starting material was removed by filtration. The filtrate was concentrated and the residue redissolved in MeOH and refluxed for 30 min. Removal of the methanol gave the product 21 (0.3 g) which was used without further purification.

Step 5

To a mixture of compound 21 (1.64 mmol), compound 5A (1.64 mmol) and PyBOP (1.64 mmol) was added DIPEA (4.92 mmol) and CH₂Cl₂ (10 ml), and the reaction was stirred over the weekend at room temperature. Saturated NaHCO₃ (100 ml) was added and the reaction was extracted and twice with CH₂Cl₂ (100 mL), dried over solid MgSO₄, concentrated and flash chromatographed (70% EtOAc/Hexane) to give compound 22 (1.04 mmol, 64%).

Step 6

Compound 22 (0.2 g, 0.37 mmol) was dissolved in CF₃CO₂H (3 mL) and methylene chloride (3 mL) and stirred at room temperature overnight. The solvent was removed by evaporation, saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ was added and mixture extracted with methylene chloride. The organic layer was dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated, and the residue purified by flash chromatography to give compound 23 (0.11 g 68%).

EXAMPLE 6 Step 1

A solution of 24 (50 g, 387 mmol) and triethylamine (110 mL) in dioxane (400 mL) and water (400 mL) at 4° C. was treated with Boc₂O (93 g, 426 mmol). The cooling bath was removed and the solution allowed to warm to room temperature, After 21 h, the volume was reduced by two-thirds under vacuum. The residue was poured into ethyl acetate (250 mL) and water (250 mL). Saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (250 mL) was added and the organic phase was separated and discarded. The aqueous phase was acidified with 10% HCl and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phases were washed with water, brine, and dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated to give 25 as a white powder (82 g, 94%).

Step 2

To a solution of compound 25 (40 g, 175 mmol) in DMF (250 mL) at 4° C. was added N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine, hydrochloride (34 g), EDCl (44 g, 0.228 mol), HOBT (2.4 g), and DIPEA (120 mL). The reaction was warmed to room temperature and stirred overnight. The reaction was then concentrated to half volume in vacuo and poured onto 1:1 ethyl acetate:water. The organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer extracted with additional ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with saturated aqueous NH₄Cl, saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, water, and brine, and dried. Concentration gave 26 as a light yellow oil (46.7 g, 99%)

Step 3

To a solution of 2-bromopyridine (17.6 mL, 0.184 mol) in THF (600 mL) at −78° C. was added n-BuLi (115 mL of a 1.6M solution in hexanes, 0.184 mol) dropwise over 15 min. After stirring for an additional 30 min at this temperature, a solution of 26 (25 g, 91.9 mmol) in THF (500 mL) was added dropwise over 15 min. The reaction was removed from the cold bath and placed in an oil bath and heated to 60° C. for 1.5 h. The reaction was then cooled to 4° C., diluted with ether (500 mL), and treated with saturated aqueous Na₂SO₄ (≈5 mL). The mixture was transferred to an Erlenmeyer flask and diluted with additional ether (700 mL). Additional saturated aqueous Na₂SO₄ was added followed by solid Na₂SO₄. The mixture was filtered through a plug of solid Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. Flash column chromatography (0-20% ethyl acetate in hexanes) yielded compound 27 as a yellow oil (16.85 g, 63%).

Step 4

A solution of 27 (3.3 g, 11.4 mmol) in methanol (50 mL) was treated with 4M HCl in dioxane (50 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 1.5 h. Removal of the solvent in vacuo gave 28 as a tan powder (3 g, 100%).

Step 5

To a suspension of compound 5A (17.4 g, 50 mmol), compound 28 (11 g, 42 mmol), and diisopropylethylamine (34.6 mL, 199 mmol) in DMF (125 mL) was added HOBT (7.83 g, 58 mmol), EDC (18.54 g, 96.7 mmol), and 4 Å molecular sieves. The mixture was stirred for 40 h at room temperature, diluted with methylene chloride (600 mL) and 0.5 N NaOH (400 mL) and filtered. The precipitate was washed thoroughly with additional 0.5N NaOH and methylene chloride. The combined organic phases were concentrated and chromatographed twice on silica gel (1:1 hexane:methylene to chloride to 6% saturated NH₃ in methanol in methylene chloride) to produce 29 as a tan solid (22.3 g) which was used as is in the next step.

Step 6

A solution of 29 (22.3 g, 44 mmol) in methylene chloride (120 mL) and trifluoroacetic acid (60 mL) was stirred for 7 h at room temperature. The reaction was concentrated, exposed to high vacuum for 3 h, dissolved in toluene and concentrated and then exposed again to high vacuum. The so-obtained crude brown oil was used in the next step without further purification.

Step 7

Compound 30 (˜17.9 g, 44 mmol) was dissolved in pyridine (420 mL), treated with H₂NOCH₃.HCl (21.78 g, 264 mmol) and heated to 90° C. for 14 h. The reaction was then concentrated and the residue taken up in a mixture of methylene chloride (500 mL) and 2N NaOH (500 mL). The organic phase was separated and the aqueous phase extracted with additional methylene chloride (300 mL). The organic phases were dried and concentrated, and the residue chromatographed on SiO₂ (0-13% NH₃/MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to produce a yellow solid (9.26 g). The mixed fractions from the column were rechromatographed to give an additional 3.23 g of the desired material. Total yield 12.49 g (65% yield over the last two steps).

Step 8

Compound 31 (1 g) in ethanol (15 mL) was separated into the pure isomers using a Chiralcel AD column (20 mm×500 mm) (eluent: 75:25 hexane:isopropanol plus 0.5% N,N-diethylamine; flow rate: 50 mL/min; UV detection at 254 nM) to give compound 32 (0.6 g) and compound 33 (0.4 g). [M+H]⁺ 437 for 32 and 33.

Alternatively, compound 32 can preferably be prepared from compound 5A in a manner similar to that described for compound 287 in Step 3 of Example 28.

EXAMPLE 7 Step 1

To a solution of 34 (2.4 g, 13.5 mmol) in THF (15 mL) was added compound 35 (26 mL of a 1.3M solution) and the reaction stirred overnight at room temperature. 2N HCl was then added till the pH<2 and the THF was removed under reduced pressure. The pH was neutralized by the addition of 1N NaOH and the aqueous phase extracted with 5% MeOH in EtOAc. The organic phase was dried, concentrated, and the residue chromatographed (20% MeOH in EtOAc) to give 36 (1.03 g, 28%).

Step 2

To a solution of 36 (1.03 g, 3.78 mmol) in 1,2-dichloroethane (30 mL) was added 1-chloroethylchloro formate (0.76 mL, 7.6 mmol) and the reaction stirred at room temperature overnight. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue washed with ether. Solid residue was removed by filtration and the ether removed by evaporation to give an oil which was dissolved in MeOH (15 mL) and heated to reflux for 2 h. Removal of the solvent gave 37 which was used in the next step without further purification (1.4 g).

Step 3

Compound 37 (0.98 g, 3.78 mmol), N-Boc isonipocotic acid (0.87 g, 3.78 mmol), DEC (1.11 g, 5.7 mmol), (0.68 g, 4.91 mmol) and DIPEA (3 mL) were combined in CH₂Cl₂ (40 mL) and stirred overnight at room temperature. The reaction was then diluted with CH₂Cl₂ and washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃. The organic layer was dried, concentrated and the residue chromatographed (10% hexane in EtOAc) to give 38 (1.61 g 7.91%).

Step 4

Compound 38 (1.61 g, 3.43 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (15 mL) was treated with 1N HCl in dioxane (5.2 mL) and stirred overnight at room temperature. The solvent was removed in vacuo to give 39 (1.65 g) which was used without further purification.

Step 5

Compound 39 (1.65 g, 4.01 mmol), 7 (1.29 g, 4.07 mmol) and Et₃N (1.7 mL) were combined in DMF (40 mL) and stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction was dissolved in EtOAc and washed 4 times with water. The organic layer was dried and concentrated, and the residue purified by chromatography (5% MeOH in EtOAc) to give 40 (0.6 g, 47%).

Step 6

A solution of 40 (0.31 g, 0.51 mmol) in pyridine (5 mL) was treated with H₂NOMe.HCl (0.092 g, 1.08 mmol) and heated to 60° C. overnight. The reaction was diluted with 10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ dried, and concentrated, and the residue purified by chromatography (10-15% MeOH in EtOAc) to give 41 (0.09 g).

EXAMPLE 8 Step 1

In a manner similar to that described in Example 7, Steps 3-4, compound 42 was converted to compound 43.

Step 2

To a solution of 43 (2.3 g, 6.3 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (60 mL) was added 4 Å molecular sieves and 4-formylpyridine (0.68 mL, 6.9 mmol) and the mixture stirred for 3 h at room temperature, Na(OAc)₃BH (2.7 g, 12.7 mmol) was then added and the reaction stirred for 1 h. The reaction was quenched by the addition of NH₄Cl followed by the addition of saturated aqueous NaHCO₃. The reaction mixture was then extracted with EtOAc, and the combined organic layers were dried and concentrated to give a residue which was chromatographed (20% MeOH in EtOAc). Compound 44 was obtained (2.3 g 87%).

Step 3

In a manner similar to that described in Example 7, Step 6, compound 44 was converted to compound 45.

EXAMPLE 9 Step 1

In a manner similar to that described in Example 8, Step 2, compound 46 (1.13 g, 6 mmol) was converted to compound 47 (1.7 g, 100%).

Step 2

In a manner similar to that described in Example 7, Step 4, compound 47 (1.7 g, 6.13 mmol) was converted to compound 48 (1.9 g, 100%).

Step 3

A mixture of compound 48 (0.57 g, 2 mmol) and compound 42 (0.52 g, 2 mmol) in CH₂Cl (20 mL) was added Et₃N (1.95 mL) and the reaction cooled to −40° C. Triphosgene (0.2 g) was added and the reaction stirred at −40° C. for 2 h and room temperature for 48 h. The reaction was then washed with 1N NaOH, brine, and the organic layer dried. Concentration gave a residue that was purified by column chromatography (10% MeOH in EtOAc) to give 49 (0.14 g, 55%).

Step 4

In a manner similar to that described in Example 7, Step 6, compound 49 (0.09 g, 0.21 mmol) was converted to compound 50.

EXAMPLE 10

In a manner similar to that described in Example 7, Steps 3-4, compound 28 (2.6 g, 9.9 mmol) was converted to compound 51 (1.1 g).

Step 2

In a manner similar to that described in Example 7, Step 5, compound 51 (1.1 g, 2.94 mmol) was reacted with compound 11 (0.59 g, 2.94 mmol) to give compound 52 (0.53 g).

In a manner similar to that described in Example 6, Step 7, compound 52 (0.53 g, 1.26 mmol) was converted to compound 53 (0.48 g).

Step 4

In a manner similar to that described in Example 6, Step 8, the 4 diastereomers of compound 53 could be obtained using a Chiralcel AD column (75:25 hexane:EtOAc plus 0.5% Et₂NH). The two faster eluting compounds (54 and 55) were the E-oxime isomers and the slower eluting compounds (56 and 57A) were the Z-oxime isomers.

Isomer A 54 0.12 g Isomer B 55 0.11 g Isomer C 56 0.08 g Isomer D 57A 0.06 g

EXAMPLE 11 Step 1

A solution of n-BuLi (4.2 mL of a 1.6 M solution in hexane) in THF (25 mL) was treated at −25° C. with (i-Pr)₂NH (0.69 g, 6.8 mmol). The reaction was stirred for 1 h at 0° C. and then cooled to −70° C. Compound 4A (0.82 g, 2.26 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was added dropwise and the reaction stirred at −70° C. for 2 h and −50° C. for 2 h. The to reaction was recooled to −70° C. and (1S)-(+)-(10-camphorsulfonyl)oxaziridine (1.04 g, 4.52 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was added. The reaction was stirred at −70° C. for 2 h and slowly warmed to room temperature overnight. The reaction was quenched by the addition of saturated aqueous NH₄Cl and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was dried and concentrated, and the residue purified by column chromatography (1:1 hexane:EtOAc) to give 57 (0.44 g, 51%).

Step 2

In a manner similar to that described in Example 1, Step 5, compound 57 (0.42 g, 1.1 mmol) was converted to compound 58 (0.4 g).

Step 3

In a manner similar to that described in Example 6, Steps 5-8, compound 58 (0.25 g, 0.7 mmol) was converted to compound 59 (0.1 g).

EXAMPLE 12 Step 1

A solution of compound 60 (10 g, 50.7 mmol) in ether (150 mL) at −78° C. was treated sequentially with TMEDA (11.8 g, 101.4 mmol) and s-BuLi (58.5 mL of a 1.3M solution in hexanes, 76 mmol) and the reaction stirred at this temperature for 6 h. Neat CH₃SO₄CH₃ (12.8 g, 101.4 mmol) was then added and the reaction allowed to slowly warm to room temperature overnight. Saturated aqueous NaCl was added and the organic layer was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted three times with ether and the combined organic layers were dried, concentrated, and the residue chromatographed (5% EtOAc in hexane) to give 61 (8.0 g, 75%).

Step 2

A solution of 61 (8 g, 37.9 mmol) in THF (40 mL) at 0° C. was treated dropwise with a solution of BH₃. THF (45.4 mL of a 1.0M solution in THF, 45.4 mmol) and the reaction allowed to slowly warm to room temperature overnight. The reaction was recooled to 0° C., EtOH (13 mL), pH=7 buffer (25 mL) and H₂O₂ (25 mL) was added, and the reaction allowed to stir at room temperature overnight. The solvent was then removed in vacuo and the residue poured into water and CH₂Cl₂. 10% aqueous NaOH (10 mL) was added and the organic layer separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with additional CH₂Cl₂ and the combined organic layers were dried and concentrated. The residue was chromatographed (40% EtOAc in hexane) to give 62 (3 g).

Step 3

A solution of 62 (2.8 g, 12.2 mmol) in EtOAc (30 mL) and NaBr (1.26 g, 0.12 mmol) in saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (30 mL) was cooled to 0° C. and treated with TEMPO (0.02 g, 0.12 mmol). After 15 min., NaOCl (17.44 mL) was added and the mixture stirred for 3 h. Saturated aqueous Na₂S₂O₃ was added and the pH adjusted to 5-6 by the addition of 1N HCl. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc and the organic layers were dried and concentrated. The residue was chromatographed (10-20% EtOAc in hexane) to give compound 63 (2.1 g, 76%).

Step 4

To a cooled (0° C.) suspension of PCC (0.95 g, 44 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) was added dropwise a solution of 63 (0.5 g, 2.2 mmol). And the mixture stirred overnight at room temperature. Additional PCC (1 eq.) was added and the mixture was heated to reflux for 2 h. The reaction was cooled, filtered through celite, and concentrated to give crude 64 (1.5 g) which was used without further purification.

Step 5

In a manner similar to that described in Example 5, Step 5, Example 7, Step 4, Example 1, Step 4, and Example 6, Steps 6 and 7, 64 (0.73 g, 3 mmol) was converted to 65 (0.1 g).

EXAMPLE 13 Step 1

To a 0° C. solution of Vilsmeier salt, prepared by the dropwise addition of phosphorus oxychloride (1500 mL; 1.61 mol) to DMF (310.4 mL; 4.01 mol) over 15 min. and subsequent cooling in an ice bath, was added malonic acid (40.1 g; 0.39 mol) in portions over 45 min. The reaction mixture was then heated to 100° C., and the stirring was continued for 48 h. The reaction mixture was then allowed to cool to room temperature and was quenched by slowly pouring it into a suspension of NaHCO₃ (808 g; 9.62 mol) in water. The solution was decanted off the excess of NaHCO₃ and concentrated to dryness under vacuum. After exposure to high vacuum for 2 days, the solid residue was washed repeatedly with CH₂Cl₂ until TLC indicated complete removal of product. Combined organic extracts were concentrated under vacuum to produce 41.0 g of dark brown oil, which was used directly in the next step.

Step 2

To a solution of 32.5 g (256 mmol) of crude malondialdehyde 66 in 650 ml of absolute ethanol was added 24.5 g (256 mmol) of guanidine hydrochloride and 17.4 g (256 mmol) of sodium ethoxide. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 4 h, cooled down to room temperature, concentrated and dry loaded on silica gel under vacuum. Flash chromatography (0-10% MeOH/20% acetone/CH₂Cl₂) afforded 11.0 g (89.4 mmol; 23% from malonic acid (2 steps)) of pyrimidine 67 as a light yellow solid.

Step 3

To a mixture of 166 mg (1.35 mmol) of aminopyrimidine 67, 17 mg (0.14 mmol) of DMAP and 418 μL (3.00 mmol) of Et₃N in 10 mL of THF was added 589 mg (2.7 mmol) of (BOC)₂O. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 h, concentrated-dry loaded on silica gel and flash chromatographed (1-3% acetone/CH₂Cl₂) to produce 117 mg (0.36 mmol; 27%) of 68 as a clear oil.

Step 4

To a solution of 117 mg (0.36 mmol) of aldehyde 68 in 7 mL of CH₂Cl₂ was added 67 μL (0-43 mmol) of ethyl isonipecotate and 5 μL of acetic acid. 30 min. later 153 mg (0.72 mmol) of NaBH(OAc)₃ was introduced. The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature, diluted with CH₂Cl₂, washed with aqueous NaHCO₃, dried and concentrated, and crude residue was flash chromatographed (0-4% sat. NH₃ in MeOH/CH₂Cl₂) to produce 133 mg (0.29 mmol; 81%) of 69 as a white film.

Step 5

To a solution of ester 69 in 5 mL of a 3:1:1 mixture of THF-water-methanol was added 11 mg (0.44 mmol) of LiOH. Reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature, concentrated to dryness and exposed to high vacuum to obtain 134 mg of crude acid 70 as a yellowish solid which was used without purification.

EXAMPLE 14 Step 1

To a −78° C. solution of 2.36 g (11.4 mmol) of picoline 1A in 70 mL of THF was added 16.3 mL of 1.4 M BuLi solution (22.8 mmol) in hexanes in portions over 10 min. Reaction mixture was then allowed to warm up and was then stirred for 2 h at room temperature, which resulted in the formation of an orange precipiate. The mixture was cooled back to −78° C., and ethylene oxide was bubbled through the solution for 1 min. followed by stirring for 5 min. This two-step sequence was repeated eight times. The mixture was then allowed to warm to −50° C., stirred at that temperature for 40 min., quenched with 1.34 mL (23 mmol) of AcOH and allowed to warm to room temperature. Dilution with water was followed by extraction with EtOAc, concentration of the organic phase, and flash chromatography of the crude residue (10-15% acetone/CH₂Cl₂) to produce 1.50 g (5.95 mmol; 53%) of 71 as a white solid.

Step 2

To a −60° C. solution of 628 μL (7.2 mmol) of oxalyl chloride in 20 mL of CH₂Cl₂ was added dropwise 1.03 mL (14.5 mmol) of DMSO. After stirring the mixture for 15 min. at −55° C., a solution of 1.50 g (5.95 mmol) of alcohol 71 in 20 mL of CH₂Cl₂ was introduced over the period of 15 min. After the addition was complete, the mixture was stirred for 30 min. at −55° C., followed by the addition of 4.18 mL (30.0 mmol) of Et₃N and stirring for another 15 min. The reaction mixture was then warmed to room temperature and diluted with water. Extraction with CH₂Cl₂ was followed by concentration of the organic phase and flash chromatography (1-15% acetone/CH₂Cl₂) to produce 1.00 g (4.00 mmol; 67%) of 72 as an off-white solid.

Step 3

To a solution of 1.00 g (4.0 mmol) of aldehyde 72 in 25 mL of CH₂Cl₂ was added 617 μL (4.8 mmol) of ethyl isonipecotate followed by one drop of AcOH. Reaction mixture was then stirred for 40 min at room temperature after which 1.70 g (8.0 mmol) of NaBH(OAc)₃ was introduced. Reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature, neutralized with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, diluted with water and extracted with CH₂Cl₂. Concentration and flash chromatography (0-4% saturated NH₃ in MeOH/CH₂Cl₂) provided 1.41 g (3.6 mmol; 90%) of 73 as a white solid.

Step 4

To a solution of 534 mg (1.47 mmol) of ester 73 in 4 mL of a 3:1:1 mixture of THF-water-methanol was added 60 mg (2.50 mmol) of LiOH. Reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature, concentrated to dryness and exposed to high vacuum to obtain 540 mg of crude acid 74 as a white solid which was used without purification.

EXAMPLE 15

In a manner similar to that described in Example 6, steps 5, 6, and 7, 70 was converted to 75.

EXAMPLE 16

In a manner similar to that described in Example 6, steps 5, 6, and 7, 74 was converted to 76.

EXAMPLE 17 Step 1

To a solution of 77 (0.73 g, 3.82 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was added (COCl)₂ (0.41 mL, 4.58 mmol) followed by DMF (0.1 mL) and the reaction was maintained at 40° C. for 3 h. The reaction was then concentrated to give a brown solid which was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL). N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (0.56 g, 5.73 mmol) and DIPEA (1.33 mL) were added and the reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction was quenched by the addition of saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were dried and concentrated, and the residue purified by chromatography to give 78 (3.2 g, 84%).

Step 2

In a manner similar to that described in Example 5, steps 1 and 4, 78 (0.57 g, 2.41 mmol) was converted to 79 (0.59 g).

Step 3

In a manner similar to that described in Example 6, steps 5, 6 and 7, 79 (0.38 g, 1.49 mmol) was converted to 80 (0.24 g).

EXAMPLE 18 Step 1

In a manner similar to that described in Example 6, step 7, 81 (0.36 g, 0.53 mmol; synthesized in the same manner as compound 30) was converted to 82 (0.34 g, 63%).

Step 2

To a solution of 82 (0.115 g, 0.25 mmol) in DMF (4 mL) was added NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.03 g, 0.76 mmol). After 5 h at room temperature, CF₃CH₂OSO₂CF₃ (0.069 g, 0.3 mmol) was added and the reaction stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction was diluted with EtOAc and extracted 3 times with water to remove the DMF. The organic layer was dried and concentrated to give a residue which was purified by chromatography (10% MeOH/NH₃ in EtOAc) to give 83 (0.08 g, 30%).

EXAMPLE 19 Step 1

To a solution of 17 (0.21 mole, 100 ml THF, −10° C.) was added 84 (0.14 mole) over 5 min and the reaction mixture became very viscous. Additional THF (100 ml) was added and the yellow suspension was warmed from −10° C. to 10° C. over about 2.5 hr. The reaction was quenched by the addition of 100 ml saturated NH₄Cl and 100 ml H₂O. Extracted once with EtOAc (300 ml) and eight times with CH₂Cl₂ (150 ml). Dried over solid MgSO₄ and filtered. Concentrated and flashed over silica gel chromatography (3 to 10% MeOH (NH₃)/CH₂Cl₂) to obtain 85 (11 g, yield: 38%).

Step 2

To the mixture of 85 (9.2 g) and MnO₂ (42 g) was added 200 ml CH₂Cl₂, and is the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Additional MnO₂ (20 g) was added and the reaction was stirred another 24 hrs. The MnO₂ was filtered off and the reaction was concentrated and flashed over silica gel (5% and 10% MeOH (NH₃)/CH₂Cl₂) to give 86 (3.1 g, yield: 33%).

Step 3

In a manner similar to that described in Example 7 , step 2, 86 (3.1 g) was converted to 87 (2.0 g, yield: 68%).

Step 4

In a manner similar to that described in Example 7, step 3, 4, 5, and 6, 87 was converted to 88.

EXAMPLE 20 Step 1

To the solution of compound 89 in CH₂Cl₂ (20 ml) at 0° C. was added m-CPBA (0.54 g) and the reaction was stirred at 0° C. for 25 min. and then at room temperature stirred for 2 hrs. 40% NH₄OH (12 ml) was added and the mixture was stirred for 30 min. Separated and extracted the aqueous layer with CH₂Cl₂ (10 ml). Dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Flash chromatography (5% MeOH(NH₃)/CH₂Cl₂) gave 90 (0.67 g, 80%).

Step 2

To the solution of 90 (0.65 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (6 ml) at −10° C. was added TFA (6 ml) and the reaction was stirred for 1 hr from −10° C. to 0° C. Concentrated down and azeotroped twice with toluene (20 ml), and concentrated to dryness to obtain 91 as a gummy oil which was used as is.

Step 3

In a manner similar to that described in Example 7, steps 5 and 6, 91 was converted to 92.

EXAMPLE 21 Step 1

To a solution of 93 (5.17 g, 22.7 mmol) in THF (100 mL) at −50° C. was added s-BuLi (38.4 mL of a 1.3M solution in hexane, 49.9 mmol) dropwise. After 1.5 h at −40° C., the reaction was recooled to −50° C. and 95 (4.84 g, 22.7 mmol) in THF (20 mL) was added. After 2.75 h at −50° C., glacial acetic acid was added followed by saturated aqueous NH₄Cl. The mixture was warmed to room temperature and the layers were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO₄) filtered and concentrated to give a residue that was purified by flash column chromatography (1% to 3% MeOH/NH₃ in CH₂Cl₂) to give 95 (6.35 g, 63%).

Step 2

In a manner similar to that described in Example 12, step 3, 95 (5.34 g, 12.11 mmol) was converted to 96 (4.71 g, 75%).

Step 3

In a manner similar to that described in Example 6, step 4, 96 (3.7 g, 8.43 mmol) was converted to 97 (3.08 g, >100%) which was used as is in the next step.

Step 4

Compound 97 (0.7 g, 2.25 mmol), H₂NOCH₃.HCl (0.94 g, 11.23 mmol) and NaOAc (1.47 g, 17.97 mmol) were combined in 1-pentanol (20 mL) and water (2 mL) is and heated to reflux for 2 days. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and 0.5 N NaOH was added. The EtOH was removed in vacuo, additional water (15 mL) was added, and the reaction extracted with 10% EtOH in CH₂Cl₂ (180 mL total volume). The combined organic extracts were dried and concentrated to give 98 (0.55 g, 92%).

Step 5

In a manner similar to that described in Example 6, steps 5, 6, and 7, 98 was converted to 99.

EXAMPLE 22 Step 1

A solution of 2.2 g (9.5 mmol) of 100 in 75 mL of glacial acetic acid was hydrogenated in the presence of 0.5 g of 10% w/w platinum-on-charcoal for 5 h. The reaction mixture was filtered to remove the catalyst and the filtrate was concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure to produce a solid residue which was basified with 0.5N NaOH and extracted with methylene chloride (CH₂Cl₂). Methylene chloride extracts were dried over anhydrous MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography eluted with 10-30% of 7N NH₃-MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ to give 0.82 g of 101 (mp 158-163 0 C). LCMS m/z 240 (MH+).

Step 2

A mixture of 0.12 g (0.52 mmol) of 101, 0.2 g (0.52 mmol) of 5A, 0.67 g (0.5 mmol) of 1-hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate (HOBt), and 0.11 g (0.57 mmol) of 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (DEC) in 7 mL of anhydrous dimethylformamide (DMF) was stirred at ambient temperature for 18 h. The mixture was diluted with water and the resulting precipitate was filtered to produce 0.26 g of 102 as a white solid (mp 110-115° C.). LCMS m/z 557 (MH+).

Step 3

To a stirred solution of 0.34 g (2.7 mmol) of oxalyl chloride in 3 mL of anhyrous CH₂Cl₂ at −70° C. was added 0.44 g (5.7 mmol) of anhyrous methylsulfoxide in 2 mL of CH₂Cl₂. After being stirred at −70° C. for 10 minutes, the reaction mixture was added 1.2 g (2.15 mmol) of 102 in 10 mL of CH₂Cl₂. The stirred mixture was kept at −70° C. for 0.5 h, mixed with 1.8 mL (13 mmol) of triethylamine, and then allowed to warm up to ambient temperature by itself. The mixture was diluted with water and extracted with CH₂Cl₂. Organic extracts were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄ and concentrated to produce 1.18 g of 103 as a glass. LCMS m/z 555 (MH+).

Step 4

A solution of 0.8 g (1.44 mmol) of 103 and 0.6 g (7.2 mmol) of methoxylamine hydrochloride in 40 mL of ethanol and 40 mL of pyridine was heated under reflux for 18 h. The mixture was concentrated and the residue was taken up in ethyl acetate/ether and washed with water. The organic solution was dried over anhydrous MgSO₄ and concentrated to 0.65 g of viscous residue which was dissolved in 8 mL of trifluoroacetic acid and 8 mL of CH₂Cl₂ and stirred at ambient temperature for 18 h. The solution was concentrated and the residue was basified with 1N NaHCO₃ and extracted with ethyl acetate. Organic extracts were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄ and concentrated to a gummy residue. Purification of this residue by flash chromatography with 5-8% of 7N NH₃-MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ produced 0.151 g of 104 as a gum, LCMS m/z 484 (MH+) and 0.146 g of 105 as a glass, LCMS m/z 556 (mH+).

Mixing a solution of 0.056 g of the free base of 104 in ethyl acetate with a solution of 0.04 g of maleic acid in ethyl acetate produced a precipitate which was isolated by filtration to give 0.06 g of a dimaleate salt of 104 (mp 155-160 0C).

EXAMPLE 23 Step 1

2.4 g (10. mmol) of 106 were reduced in the similar manner as that described in Example 22, step 1 to give 1.5 g of 107 as a semi-solid. LCMS m/z 240 (MH+).

Step 2

1.5 g (6.31 mmol) of 107 were coupled with 3 in the similar manner as that described in Example 22, step 2 to give 3 g of 108 as a solid (mp 104-106° C.). LCMS m/z 557 (MH+).

Step 3

1.17 g (2.1 mmol) of 108 were oxidized in the similar manner as that described in Example 22, step 3 to give 0.7 g of 109 as a glass. LCMS m/z 557 (MH+).

Step 4

0.32 g (0.58 mmol) of 109 were reacted with 0.6 g (7.2 mmol) of methoxylamine hydrochloride in the same manner as that described in Example 22, step 4 to provide 0.065 g of 110 as a gum, LCMS m/z 484 (MH+) and 0.12 g of 111 as a glass, LCMS m/z 556 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 24 Step 1

A mixture of 18 g (74 mmol) of 112, 7.2 g (74 mmol) of N,O-dimethylhyroxylamine hydrochloride, 19.4 g (15 mmol) of N,N-diisopropylethylamine, 1.1 g (8 mmol) of HOBt and 14.2 g (74 mmol) of DEC in 80 mL of anhydrous DMF was stirred at ambient temperature for 18 h. The mixture was diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate. Organic extracts were washed with 1% NaHCO₃ and brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄ and concentrated to give 15.5 g of 113 as an oil. LCMS m/z 287 (MH+).

Step 2

To a stirred solution of 2.9 g (18 mmol) of 2-bromopyridine in 30 mL of anhydrous THF at −78° C. was added 7.5 mL of 2.5M solution of n-BuLi in hexane dropwise for 0.5 h. After being stirred at −78° C. for 1 h, the reaction mixture was added a solution of 5.1 g (17.8 mmol) of 113 in 15 mL of THF. The mixture was allowed to stir at ambient temperature for 48 h, mixed with saturated aqueous NH₄Cl and extracted with ether. Organic extracts were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄ and concentrated to produce 5.7 g of 114 as an oil. LCMS m/z 305 (MH+).

Step 3

A solution of 3.15 g (10.4 mmol) of 114 and 3.47 g (41.6 mmol) of methoxylamine hydrochloride in 30 mL of ethanol and 30 mL of pyridine was heated under reflux for 18 h. The mixture was concentrated and the residue was taken up in ether and washed with water. The organic solution was dried over anhydrous MgSO₄ and concentrated to give 2.5 g of 115 as an oil. LCMS m/z 334 (MH+).

Step 4

A solution of 2.4 g (7.2 mmol) of 22 in 20 mL of CH₂Cl₂ and 20 mL of trifluoroacetic acid was stirred at ambient temperature for 1 h. The solution was concentrated. The residue was basified with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and extracted with CH₂Cl₂. Organic extracts were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄ and concentrated to give 1.41 g of 23 as a glass. LCMS m/z 234 (MH+).

Step 5

A mixture of 0.466 g (2 mmol) of 116, 0.517 g (2.2 mmol) of 5A, 0.276 g (2 mmol) of HOBt and 0.46 g (2.4 mmol) of DEC in 20 mL of anhydrous DMF was stirred at ambient temperature for 18 h. The mixture was concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure at bath temperature of 25-45° C. and the residue was chromatographed with 4% (7N NH₃/CH₃OH) in CH₂Cl₂ to produce 0.48 g of syrup which was dissolved in 15 mL of EtAc-EtOH (3:1 v) and mixed with a solution of 0.26 g of maleic acid in 10 mL of EtAc-EtOH (1:1). The resuting precipitate was filtered to produce 0.35 g of the maleate salt of 117 (mp 160-163 0 C). LCMS m/z 451 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 25 Step 1

To a stirred solution of 4.16 g (20 mmol) of 1A in 80 mL of anhydrous THF at −78° C. was added dropwise 17 mL of 2.5M solution of n-BuLi in hexane for 25 minutes. After being stirred from −78° C. to room temperature for 1 h, the reaction mixture was added a solution of 6 g (22 mmol) of 26 in 100 mL of anhydrous THF and kept at room temperature for 18 h. The mixture was mixed with saturated aqueous NH₄Cl and extracted with EtAc. Organic extracts were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄ and concentrated to produce 6.1 g of 118 (mp 146-149° C.). LCMS m/z 420 (MH+).

Step 2

A solution of 3.71 g (8.8 mmol) of 118 and 3.7 g (44 mmol) of methoxylamine hydrochloride in 40 mL of pyridine and 40 mL of ethanol was heated under reflux for 2 days. The mixture was concentrated and the residue was taken up in CH₂Cl₂ and washed with saturated aqueous NaCl. Organic solution was dried over anhydrous MgSO₄ and concentrated to give 2.6 g of 119 as a glass. LCMS m/z 421 (MH+).

Step 3

A solution of 0.9 g (2.14 mmol) of 119 in 10 mL of CH₂Cl₂ and 10 mL of trifluoroacetic acid was stirred at ambient temperature for 2 h. The solution was concentrated. The residue was taken up in CH₂Cl₂, washed with saturated NaHCO₃ and brine, dried over anhdrous MgSO₄ and concentrated to a solid residue which was triturated with CH₃CN and filtered to produce 0.29 g of 120 (mp 200-205° C.). LCMS m/z 321 (MH+).

Step 4

0.1 g (0.31 mmol) of 120 and 0.83 g (0.35) of 5A were coupled in the same manner as that described in Example 24, step 5 to produce 0.12 g of the maleate salt of 121 (mp 170-173° C.). LCMS m/z 538 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 26 Step 1

In a similar manner to that described in Example 6, step 7, 122 (0.26 g, 0.41 mmol) was converted to 123 (0.08 g, 40%).

EXAMPLE 27 Step 1

To a suspension of LAH (0.83 g, 22 mmol) in ether (20 mL) at 0° C. was added 124 (3.2 g, 17.5 mmol) in THF (15 mL) dropwise. The reaction was stirred at 0° C. for 1.5 h, and quenched by the addition of water (0.8 mL), 20% aqueous NaOH (0.8 mL), and water (2.4 mL). The mixture was stirred for 15 min and filtered and the filter cake washed with CH₂CL₂. The filtrate was concentrated to give an oil which was dissolved in ether (30 mL) and washed with brine and dried (MgSO₄). Filtration and concentration in vacuo gave 125 (2.5 g) which was used without further purification.

Step 2

Step 3

In a similar manner to that described in Example 22, step 3 and Example 1, steps 4, 5, and 6, 125 was converted to 126.

Step 4

In a similar manner to that described in Example 6, step 5, 126 was converted to 127.

Step 5

In a similar manner to that described in Example 6, step 7, 127 was converted to 128.

The compounds in Table 1 (first column) are prepared from the compounds in the last column of Table 1 by following essentially the same procedures as in the examples described above. In Table 1 “Cmpd. No.” stands for “Compound Number”.

TABLE 1 Mass Spec. Cmpd No.1 STRUCTURE [M⁺H]⁺ Starting Material 200

470.1

201

456.1

202

456.1

203

531.1

204

499.1

205

497.1

206

517.1

207

549.1

208

599.1

209

568.1

210

565.1

211

483

212

484.1

213

583.1

214

552.1

215

471

216

512

217

512

218

504

219

454

220

470

221

456

222

456

223

495

224

470

225

470

226

504

227

484

228

472

229

486

230

572

231

505

232

452

233

518

234

450

235

442

236

423

237

423

238

436

239

451

240

423

241

423

244

435

245

519

246

451

247

421

248

438

249

452

250

487

251

543

252

501

253

457

254

471

255

465

256

465

257

422

258

406

259

455

260

484

261

443

262

440

263

441

264

427

265

427

266

518

267

490

268

455

269

439

270

407

271

421

272

407

273

455

275

425

278

425

279

439

280

470

281

469

282

504

The isomers 246A and 253A, below, can be separated from 246 and 253, respectively, above, by techniques well known to those skilled in the art.

EXAMPLE 28 Step 1

To a solution of 1.00 g (8.13 mmol) of pyrimidine aldehyde 67 (Step 2 of Example 13) in 40 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was added 1.36 mL (10.58 mmol) of ethyl isonipecotate and 2 drops of acetic acid. The mixture was stirred for 40 min. at room temperature, after which 2.58 g (12.17 mmol) of NaBH(OAc)₃ was added. The reaction mixture was then stirred for 20 h at room temperature, diluted with aqueous NaOH (pH adjusted to 11) and extracted with CH₂Cl₂. Organic phase was dried and concentrated, and the residue was flash chromatographed (4-8% ca. 3 N NH₃ in MeOH/CH₂Cl₂) to produce 1.55 g (5.87 mmol; 72%) of amine 285 as a yellowish solid.

Step 2

To a solution of 3.83 g (14.51 mmol) of ester 285 in 60 ml of 3:1:1 mixture of THF-MeOH—H₂O was added 1.22 g (29.02 mmol) of LiOH monohydrate. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, concentrated, and the residue was dried under high vacuum to produce 3.84 g of crude acid 286 lithium salt as a yellow solid. Material could be used directly or could be purified by passing through a silica gel plug eluting with ca. 3 N NH₃ in MeOH.

Step 3

To a mixture of 3.32 g (14.05 mmol) of acid 286 and 4.07 g (14.05 mmol) of 4-[(E)-(methoxyimino)-2-pyridinylmethyl]piperidine dihydrochloride (see Compound 447 below) in 40 mL of DMF was added 8.94 mL (70.25 mmol) of 4-ethylmorpholine and 14.0 mL (23.52 mmol) of 50 wt. % solution of 1-propanephosphonic acid cyclic anhydride in ethyl acetate. The reaction mixture was stirred for 4.5 h at 50° C. followed by 14 h at room temperature. Concentration of the mixture was followed by exposure to high vacuum for 24 h to remove remaining DMF. The residue was partitioned between aqueous NaOH and CH₂Cl₂, organic phase was separated, dried and concentrated, and the residue was flash chromatographed (5-15% ca. 3 N NH₃ in MeOH/CH₂Cl₂) to produce 4.60 g (10.51 mmol; 75%) of amide 287 as a light tan foam. MS 438 (M+1).

EXAMPLE 29 Step 1

-   Reference: J. Heterocyclic Chem., 1966, 3, 252.

3,4 Pyridine-dicarboximide 288 (10.0 g; 67.5 mmoles) was dissolved in 162 g. of 10% aqueous NaOH and the solution was cooled to an internal temperature of 7° C. in an ice-salt bath. Bromine (3.6 ml; 70 mmoles) was added dropwise. After the addition, the solution was heated for 45 minutes at a bath temperature of 80-85° C. The yellow solution was then cooled to an internal temperature of 37° C., then 17 ml of glacial acetic acid were added dropwise to a pH of 5.5. The resulting mixture was saved overnight in a refrigerator. The solid formed was filtered and washed with 5 ml of water and 5 ml of methanol. The reaction yielded 6.35 g. of product 289 melting at 280-285° C. (decomp.).

Step 2

Solid Compound 289 (9.5 gr.; 69 mmoles) was carefully added in three aliquots to a slurry of lithium aluminum hydride (9.5 gr.; 250 mmoles) in 200 ml of dry tetrahydrofuran. The resulting hot mixture was stirred at room temperature for two days. After cooling in an ice bath, the reaction was quenched with very careful sequential dropwise addition of 10 ml of water, followed by 10 ml of 15% aqueous NaOH, then by 30 ml of water. The resulting solid was filtered through a pad of Celite and washed several times with THF. The oil obtained after evaporation of the solvent, solidified on standing. The reaction mixture was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using 5% MeOH(NH₃)/EtOAc as eluent yielding 6.21 (72%) of Compound 290. LC-MS: m/z=125 (M+1).

Step 3

Manganese dioxide (29 gr.; 334 mmoles) was added, in one portion, at room temperature, to a suspension of 3-amino-4-hydroxymethylpyridine 290 (5.0 gr.; 40.3 mmoles) in 500 ml of chloroform with good stirring. After two days, the solid is filtered through a pad of Celite and washed with chloroform. Removal of the solvent using reduced pressure yielded 4.2 grams (85%) of Compound 291 as a yellow solid.

Step 4

A dry dichloromethane (400 ml) solution of ethyl isonipecotate (12.5 gr.; 79.5 mmoles) and 3-amino pyridine 4-carboxyaldehyde 291 (3.33 gr.; 27.3 mmoles) was stirred at room temperature for one hour, then 60 grams of activated 3 Å molecular sieves were added. The mixture was stirred for an additional 90 minutes, then 20 grams (96.4 mmoles) of sodium triacetoxy borohydride was added at room temperature in one portion. After stirring for three days, the solid was filtered through a pad of Celite and washed with dichloromethane. The solution was stirred for 15 minutes with 100 ml of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate then separated from the aqueous layer. The organic layer was washed two more times with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, then with brine and dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate. After evaporation of the solvent, the resulting oil was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using EtOAc:Hexanes:MeOH(NH₃) as eluent. The procedure yielded 6.8 gr.(94%) of Compound 292. FAB-MS: m/z=264 (M+1).

Step 5

Ethyl 1-[(3-amino-4-pyridinyl)methyl]-4-piperidinecarboxylate 292 (4.75 gr.; 18.04 mmoles) was stirred for 24 hours at room temperature with 1.51 gr. (36 mmoles) of lithium hydroxide monohydrate in 75 ml of methanol. Removal of the solvent using reduced pressure yielded Compound 293 as a white solid.

Step 6

4-(2-pyridinylcarbonyl)piperidine 28 (Step 4 in Example 6) (0.3 gr.; 1.58 mmoles), lithium 1-[(3-amino-4-pyridinyl)methyl]-4-piperidinecarboxylate 293 (0.34 gr.; 1.4 mmoles), DEC (0.38 gr.; 2.0 mmoles), and HOBT (0.27 gr.; 2.0 mmoles) were stirred at room temperature in 10 ml of dry DMF for two days. The reaction was quenched with 50 ml. of 0.5 N aqueous NaOH, then the solution was extracted with dichloromethane. The combined extracts were washed with brine and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The product 295 was isolated by flash chromatography on silica gel using EtOAc:Hexanes:MeOH(NH₃) (50:45:5) as eluent. Yields: 0.27 gr. (47%). FAB-MS: m/z=408 (M+1).

Step 7

1-[[[1-[(3-amino-4-pyridinyl)methyl]-4-piperidinyl]carbonyl]-4-(2-pyridinylcarbonyl)piperidine 295 (0.196 gr.; 0.48) and methoxyamine hydrochloride (0.401 gr. 4.8; mmoles) were heated, under N₂ ,at a bath temperature of 70° C. for 24 hours in 6.0 ml of dry pyridine. After removing the pyridine using reduced pressure, the residue was treated with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate. The resulting mixture was extracted several times with dichloromethane. The combined extracts were washed with brine and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The reaction mixture was purified by silica gel preparative thin layer chromatography. The plates were eluted with EtOAc:Hexanes:MeOH(NH₃) (60:35:5) and the product 296 was extracted with 10% MeOH(NH₃)/EtOAc. Yields: 0.15 gr. (71%). FAB-MS: m/z 437 (M+1).

EXAMPLE 30 Step 1

A mixture of 297 (1 g, 10 mmol) in 1:1 water-dioxane (50 mL) was treated with Et₃N (4 mL, 13 mmol) and BOC₂O (2.8 g, 13 mmol) at 4° C. and allowed to warm to 20° C. for one day. The solvent was then removed in vacuo. The residue was taken up in 1:1 water-ethyl acetate and the organic layer was discarded. The aqueous layer was acidified with 1 N aqueous HCl and extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phases were washed with water and brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated to give 298 as a white solid (1.8 g, 90%).

Step 2

A mixture of 298 (1.8 g, 9 mmol), N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (2.6 g, 27 mmol), EDCl (5 g, 27 mmol), HOBt (0.1 g, 1 mmol), and DIPEA (12.5 mL, 72 mmol) in DMF (30 mL) was stirred at 20° C. overnight. The reaction was then concentrated to half volume in vacuo, poured onto water, and extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NH₄Cl, saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, water and brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated to give 299 as a clear oil (2.1 g, 98%).

Step 3

To a solution of 2-bromopyridine (1.2 mL, 12 mmol) in THF (60 mL) at −78° C. was added n-BuLi (8 mL of a 1.6 M solution in hexanes, 12 mmol) dropwise over 15 min. After stirring for an additional 30 min at −78° C., a solution of 299 (1 g, 4 mmol) in THF (20 mL) was slowly added. The reaction was then heated to 60° C. for 1 h. After cooling to 20° C., the reaction was diluted with ether, quenched with saturated aqueous Na₂SO₄, and dried with solid Na₂SO₄. The mixture was filtered through a plug of solid Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. Flash column chromatography (0-20% ethyl acetate-hexanes) yielded 300 as a yellow oil (0.12 g, 11%).

Step 4

Following procedures similar to those of Steps 4 to 7 of Example 6, compound 301 was obtained. MS 409 (M+1).

Following procedures similar to those described in the examples above, the compounds in Table 2 were prepared.

TABLE 2 Compound STRUCTURE MS (M + 1) 302

430 303

421 304

505 305

505 306

471 307

426 308

408 309

442 310

437 311

437 312

458 313

402 314

487 315

438 316

467 317

424 318

451 319

430 320

523 321

453 322

453 323

410 324

413 325

439 326

466 327

453 328

453 329

424 330

453 331

438 332

488 333

437 334

437 335

479 336

452 337

466 338

438 339

465 340

465 341

513 342

452 343

550 344

499 345

451 346

451 347

451 348

451 349

452 350

455 351

455 352

422 353

422 354

492 355

438 356

437 357

424 358

510 359

539 360

453 361

409 362

438 363

426 364

422 365

483 366

483 367

497 368

465 369

479 370

479 371

493 372

564 373

517 374

568 375

426 376

455 377

456 378

452 379

427

If one were to follow procedures similar to those described in the examples above, the compounds in the “Structure” column of Table 3 would be obtained using the starting material listed in Table 3. Each compound in Table 3 is a mixture of oxime isomers, as represented by the

bond between the oxime nitrogen and the OH or OCH₃ moiety. In Table 3 “CMPD” stands for “Compound”.

TABLE 3 CMPD Structure Starting Material 380

381

382

383

384

385

386

387

388

389

390

391

392

393

394

395

396

397

398

399

400

401

402

403

404

405

406

407

408

409

410

411

412

413

414

415

416

417

418

419

420

421

422

423

424

425

426

427

428

429

430

431

432

433

434

435

436

437

438

439

EXAMPLE 31 Step 1

To a solution of LDA (233 mL, 2.0 M in THF/heptane/ethylbenzene, 0.466 mol) in THF (300 mL) at 0° C. was added, dropwise over 1.0 h, a solution of compound 440 (100 g, 0.389 mol) in THF (˜400 mL). The red-orange solution was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min, and then transferred by cannula to a pre-cooled (0° C.) solution of N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide (153 g, 0.485 mol) in dry THF (˜600 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min, and then at rt for 18 h. The total solvent volume was reduced to approximately one third, and EtOAc (˜1 L) was added. The solution was washed successively with water, 0.1 N aq. HCl, saturated aq. NaHCO₃, and brine. The organic layer was dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield a crude liquid. Separation by flash chromatography (6:1 hexanes-EtOAc) gave compound 441 (93.5 g, 87%).

Step 2

In a manner similar to that described in Example 6, Step 4, compound 441 was converted to compound 442.

Step 3

In a manner similar to that described in Example 1, Step 4, compound 442 was converted to compound 443.

Step 4

In a manner similar to that described in Example 1, Step 5, compound 443 was converted to compound 444.

Step 5

In a manner similar to that described in Example 6, Step 5, compound 5 was converted to compound 445.

Step 6

In a manner similar to that described in Example 6, Step 6, compound 445 was converted to compound 446.

In the above examples, the compound 4-[(E)-(methoxyimino)-2-pyridinylmethyl]piperidine dihydrochloride:

can be used to prepare the compounds of this invention, for example, see Examples 6 and 28. Preferably, Compound 447 is prepared from a compound of formula:

and from a compound of Formula 449:

R⁵⁰ is an alkyl or aryl group, f is 0 to 4, R⁵¹ is an alkyl group, and Q is a halo group, wherein said alkyl, aryl, and halo groups are as defined above.

Compound 447 can be prepared from 448 and 449 by:

-   -   (a) converting the compound of formula 449 into its Grignard         form (449A):

-   -   (b) reacting the compound of formula 448 with the compound of         formula 449A to obtain a compound of formula 450:

-   -   (c) reacting the compound of formula 450 with a suitable alkyl         chloroformate of formula 451

R⁵¹—OCOCl  451

to yield a compound of formula 452:

-   -   (d) forming the salt (formula 453):

-   -   (e) reacting the compound of formula 453 with an alkoxyamine         (NH₂OR⁵¹) or its hydrochloride to form an oxime of formula 454:

-   -   (f) isomerizing the compound of formula 454 by treatment with a         strong acid and simultaneously converting to the desired acid         salt of Formula 454 with an enriched E isomer, wherein the E         isomer predominates over the Z-isomer by at least a 90:10 ratio.         When f=0, R⁵¹ is methyl, and the acid used for isomerization is         HCl in the compound of formula 454, the final product is the         compound of formula 447.

This preparation can be represented as follows:

Following the above process the Compound 447 can be prepared as follows:

The conversion of compound 461 to 447 predominantly yields the E-isomer of compound 447 in high stereochemical purity and high yields. Isomerization of a mixture of phenyl compounds by acid catalysis is discussed by T. Zsuzsanna et al, Hung.Magy.Km.Foly., 74(3) (1968), 116-119.

The above process starts with Compound 449. In step 1, a 4-halo-1-alkylpiperidine (or a 4-halo-1-arylpiperidine) is converted to its Grignard analog (449A) by reacting with magnesium. The reaction is performed generally at temperatures of about −10° C. to reflux. Generally a hydrocarbon solvent such as, for example, toluene, xylene, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene and the like, or mixture of hydrocarbons listed above with an ether, such as, for example, a C₅-C₁₂ alkyl ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane 1.2-diethoxyethane, diglyme, 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran and the like are suitable for this reaction. The solution is cooled to around −10° C. to about 10° C. and then reacted with a suitable 2-cyanopyridine (448), for about 10-120 minutes. Examples of suitable 2-cyanopyridines are 2-cyanopyridine, 4-methyl-2-cyanopyridine, 4-ethyl-2-cyanopyridine, 4-phenyl-2-cyanopyridine, and the like. Preferred are 2-cyanopyridine and 4-methyl-2-cyanopyridine. The Grignard compound is used generally in about 1-4 molar equivalents with respect to the compound of formula 448, preferably in about 1-3 molar equivalents and typically in about 1.5-2.5 molar equivalents. The product of formula 450 may be isolated by procedures well known in the art, such as, for example, treatment with an acid (e.g. HCl), preferably in a suitable solvent (e.g., tetrahydrofuran or ethyl acetate).

The product of Formula 450 may then be reacted with an alkyl chloroformate in the next step. Suitable alkyl chloroformates are, for example, methyl chloroformate, ethyl chloroformate, propyl chloroformate, and the like, with the preferred being methyl chloroformate or ethyl chloroformate. Generally a hydrocarbon solvent such as, for example, toluene, xylene, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene and the like, or mixture of a hydrocarbons listed above with an ether such as, for example, a C₅-C₁₂ alkyl ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1.2-diethoxyethane, diglyme, 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran and the like is suitable for this reaction. The reaction is generally performed at about 25-100° C., preferably about 40-90° C. and typically about 50-80° C., for about 1-5 hours. After the reaction, generally the generated acid is washed off and the product of formula 452 may be isolated by organic solvent extraction.

The compound of Formula 452 may then be converted into its acid salt by treatment with an acid such as, for example, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, trifluoroacetic acid and the like, generally in a solvent at temperatures between ambient and reflux of the solvent. Suitable solvents include hydrocarbons such as, for example, toluene, xylene, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene and the like. There being two nitrogen atoms in the compound of Formula 452, the salt generally has 2 moles of acid to a mole of compound 452.

The compound of formula 453 may then be converted to an alkyloxime of formula 454 by reacting it with an alkoxyamine (or its hydrochloride), usually in aqueous solution form. Suitable alkoxyamines are, for example, methoxyamine, ethoxyamine and the like. Methoxyamine is preferred. The alkoxyamine (or its hydrochloride) is employed generally in about 1 to about 4 molar equivalents, preferably in about 1 to about 3 molar equivalents, and typically in about 1 to about 2 molar equivalents. Generally, the reaction is catalyzed by a weak acid such as) for example, acetic acid, formic acid and the like, or mixtures thereof. A cosolvent such as, for example, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-butanol and the like, or mixtures thereof may be added. The product of formula 454, after work-up, is a mixture of the Z- and the E-isomers, whose ratio may be analyzed for its stereochemical make-up, using techniques well known in the art such as, for example, HPLC.

Treating the compound of formula 454 with a strong acid under the reaction conditions described below isomerizes the mixture of the Z and the E-isomers into predominantly the E-isomer. Generally, the compound of formula 454 may be dissolved in a solvent such as, for example, ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, n-butanol and the like, ether such as methyl tert-butyl ether, tetrahydrofuran and the like, hydrocarbon such as, for example, heptane, hexane, toluene and the like, nitrile such as, for example, acetonitrile, benzonitrile and the like, or mixtures of such solvents. The dissolved compound is then treated with a strong acid such as, for example, HCl, HBr, H₂SO₄ and the like, at temperatures in the range of 20 to 100° C. for about 1-20 hours. The acid is employed generally in about 1 to about 8 molar equivalents, preferably in about 1 to about 6 molar equivalents, and typically in about 2 to about 4 molar equivalents. Work-up typically forms predominantly the acid salt of the E-isomer of the compound of formula 454, which is in fact the compound of formula 447 when R⁵¹=methyl, n=0 and the acid salt is HCl in 454.

The products of the various steps in the process described above may be isolated and purified by conventional techniques such as, for example, filtration, recrystallization, solvent extraction, distillation, precipitation, sublimation and the like, as is well known to those skilled in the art. The products may be analyzed and/or checked for purity by conventional methods such as, for example, thin layer chromatography, NMR, HPLC, melting point, mass spectral analysis, elemental analysis and the like, well known to those skilled in the art.

H₃-Receptor Binding Assay

The source of the H₃ receptors in this experiment was guinea pig brain. The animals weighed 400-600 g. The brain tissue was homogenized with a solution of 50 mM Tris, pH 7.5. The final concentration of tissue in the homogenization buffer was 10% w/v. The homogenates were centrifuged at 1,000×g for 10 min. in order to remove clumps of tissue and debris. The resulting supernatants were then centrifuged at 50,000×g for 20 min. in order to sediment the membranes, which were next washed three times in homogenization buffer (50,000×g for 20 min. each). The membranes were frozen and stored at −70° C. until needed.

All compounds to be tested were dissolved in DMSO and then diluted into the binding buffer (50 mM Tris, pH 7.5) such that the final concentration was 2 μg/ml with 0.1% DMSO. Membranes were then added (400 μg of protein) to the reaction tubes. The reaction was started by the addition of 3 nM [³H]R-α-methyl histamine (8.8 Ci/mmol) or 3 nM [³H]N^(α)-methyl histamine (80 Ci/mmol) and continued under incubation at 30° C. for 30 min. Bound ligand was separated from unbound ligand by filtration, and the amount of radioactive ligand bound to the membranes was quantitated by liquid scintillation spectrometry. All incubations were performed in duplicate and the standard error was always less than 10%. Compounds that inhibited more than 70% of the specific binding of radioactive ligand to the receptor were serially diluted to determine a K_(i) (nM).

Compounds 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 44, 45, 49, 50, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57A, 59, 75, 76, 83, 88, 92, 99, 104, 110, 117, 128, 200, 201, 203-215, 217-241, 244-246, 246A, 247-253, 253A, 254-273, 275, 278, 280-282, 287, 296, 301-310, and 312-379 had a K_(i) within the range of about 0.25 to about 370 nM.

Preferred Compounds 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 50, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57A, 59, 92, 212, 215, 218, 219, 220, 224, 225, 226, 227, 229, 233, 235, 237, 238, 246, 246A, 247, 248, 251, 253, 253A, 268-273, 275, 278-281, 287, 296, 301, 304-307, 309, 312, 314-318, 320-356, and 358-376 had a K_(i) within the range of about 0.25 to about 33 nM.

Most preferred Compounds 30, 31, 32, 33, 54, 55, 56, 56A, 225, 237, 246A, 253A, 273, 280, 287, 296, 301, 304-307, 309, 312, 314-318, 320-348, 350-356, 359-372, and 374-376 had a K_(i) within the range of about 0.25 to about 16 nM.

More preferred compound 32 had a K_(i) of 0.83 nM.

More preferred compounds 54, 55, 253A, 287, 320 had a KB within the range of about 1.05 to about 9.75 nM.

For preparing pharmaceutical compositions from the compounds described by this invention, inert, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers can be either solid or liquid Solid form preparations include powders, tablets, dispersible granules, capsules, cachets and suppositories. The powders and tablets may be comprised of from about 5 to about 95 percent active ingredient. Suitable solid carriers are known in the art, e.g. magnesium carbonate, magnesium stearate, talc, sugar or lactose. Tablets, powders, cachets and capsules can be used as solid dosage forms suitable for oral administration. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and methods of manufacture for various compositions may be found in A. Gennaro (ed.), Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Edition, (1990), Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa.

Liquid form preparations include solutions, suspensions and emulsions. As an example may be mentioned water or water-propylene glycol solutions for parenteral injection or addition of sweeteners and opacifiers for oral solutions, suspensions and emulsions. Liquid form preparations may also include solutions for intranasal administration.

Aerosol preparations suitable for inhalation may include solutions and solids in powder form, which may be in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, such as an inert compressed gas, e.g. nitrogen.

Also included are solid form preparations which are intended to be converted, is shortly before use, to liquid form preparations for either oral or parenteral administration. Such liquid forms include solutions, suspensions and emulsions.

The compounds of the invention may also be deliverable transdermally. The transdermal compositions can take the form of creams, lotions, aerosols and/or emulsions and can be included in a transdermal patch of the matrix or reservoir type as are conventional in the art for this purpose.

Preferably the compound is administered orally.

Preferably, the pharmaceutical preparation is in a unit dosage form. In such form, the preparation is subdivided into suitably sized unit doses containing appropriate quantities of the active component, e.g., an effective amount to achieve the desired purpose.

The quantity of active compound in a unit dose of preparation may be varied or adjusted from about 1 mg to about 150 mg, preferably from about 1 mg to about 75 mg, more preferably from about 1 mg to about 50 mg, according to the particular application.

The actual dosage employed may be varied depending upon the requirements of the patient and the severity of the condition being treated. Determination of the proper dosage regimen for a particular situation is within the skill of the art. For convenience, the total daily dosage may be divided and administered in portions during the day as required.

The amount and frequency of administration of the compounds of the invention and/or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof will be regulated according to the judgment of the attending clinician considering such factors as age, condition and size of the patient as well as severity of the symptoms being treated. A typical recommended daily dosage regimen for oral administration can range from about 1 mg/day to about 300 mg/day, preferably 1 mg/day to 75 mg/day, in two to four divided doses.

The methods of this invention described above using a compound of Formula I also include the use of one or more compounds of Formula I, and the methods of this invention described above using a compound of Formula I in combination with an H₁ receptor antagonist also include the use of one or more compounds of Formula I in combination with one or more H₁ receptor antagonists.

While the present has been described in conjunction with the specific embodiments set forth above, many alternatives, modifications and variations thereof will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. All such alternatives, modifications and variations are intended to fall within the spirit and scope of the present invention. 

1. A compound of the formula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein. (1) R¹ is selected from: (a) aryl; (b) heteroaryl; (c) heterocycloalkyl (d) alkyl; (e) cycloalkyl; or (f) alkylaryl;  wherein said R¹ groups are optionally substituted with 1 to 4 substituents independently selected from: (1) halogen; (2) hydroxyl; (3) lower alkoxy; (4) —CF₃; (5) CF₃O—; (6) —NR⁴R⁵; (7) phenyl; (8) —NO₂, (9) —CO₂R⁴; (10) —CON(R⁴)₂ wherein each R⁴ is the same or different, (11) —S(O)_(m)N(R²⁰)₂ wherein each R²⁰ is the same or different H or alkyl group, preferably C₁ to C₄ alkyl, most preferably C₁-C₂ alkyl, and more preferably methyl; (12) —CN; or (13) alkyl; or (2) R¹ and X taken together form a group selected from:

(3) X is selected from: ═C(O), ═C(NOR³), ═C(NNR⁴R⁵),

(4) M¹ is carbon; (5) M² is selected from C or N; (6) M³ and M⁴ are independently selected from C or N; (7) Y is selected from: is —CH₂—, ═C(O), ═C(NOR²⁰) (wherein R²⁰ is as defined above), or ═C(S); (8) Z is a C₁-C₆ alkyl group; (9) R² is a five or six-membered heteroaryl ring, said six-membered heteroaryl ring comprising 1 or 2 nitrogen atoms with the remaining ring atoms being carbon, and said five-membered heteroaryl ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms selected from: nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur with the remaining ring atoms being carbon, said five or six membered heteroaryl rings being optionally substituted with 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from: halogen, hydroxyl, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, —CF₃, CF₃O—, —NR⁴R⁵, phenyl, —NO₂, —CO₂R⁴, —CON(R⁴)₂ wherein each R⁴ is the same or different, —CH₂NR⁴R⁵, —(N)C(NR⁴R⁵)₂, or —CN; (10) R³ is selected from: (a) hydrogen; (b) C₁-C₆ alkyl; (c) aryl; (d) heteroaryl; (e) heterocycloalkyl; (f) arylalkyl; (g) —(CH₂)_(e)—C(O)N(R⁴)₂ wherein each R⁴ is the same or different, (h) —(CH₂)_(e)—C(O)OR⁴; (i) —(CH₂)_(e)—C(O)R³⁰ wherein R³⁰ is a heterocycloalkyl group, such as, for example, morpholinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl or pyrrolidinyl, including

(j) —CF₃; or (k) —CH₂CF₃; wherein said aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, and the aryl portion of said arylalkyl are optionally substituted with 1 to 3 substituents selected from: halogen, —OH, —OCF₃, —CF₃, —CN, —N(R⁴⁵)₂, —CO₂R⁴⁵, or —C(O)N(R⁴⁵)₂, wherein each R⁴⁵ is independently selected from: H, alkyl, alkylaryl, or alkylaryl wherein said aryl moiety is substituted with 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from —CF₃,—OH, halogen, alkyl, —NO₂, or —CN; (11) R⁴ is selected from: hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, said aryl and alkylaryl groups being optionally substituted with 1 to 3 substituents selected from: halogen, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —N(R⁴⁵)₂, —CO₂R⁴⁵, —C(O)N(R⁴⁵)₂, or —CN; wherein R⁴⁵ is as defined above; (12) R⁵ is selected from: hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, —C(O)R⁴, —C(O)₂R⁴, or —C(O)N(R⁴)₂ wherein each R⁴ is independently selected, and R⁴ is as defined above: (13) or R⁴ and R⁵ taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound forms a five or six membered heterocycloalkyl ring; (14) R⁶ is selected from: alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, halogen, hydroxyl, lower alkoxy, —CF₃, CF₃O—, —NR⁴R⁵, phenyl, —NO₂, —CO₂R⁴, —CON(R⁴)₂ wherein each R⁴ is the same or different, or —CN; (15) R¹² is selected from: alkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, or fluoro; (16) R¹³ is selected from: alkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, or fluoro; (17) a is 0 to 2; (18) b is 0 to 2; (19) c is 0 to 2; (20) e is 0 to 5; (21) m is 1 or 2; (22) n is 1, 2 or 3; and (23) p is 1, 2 or 3, with the proviso that when M³ and M⁴ are both nitrogen, then p is 2 or
 3. 2. The compound of claim 1 wherein R¹ is selected from: (A) aryl; (B) substituted aryl, wherein the substituents on said substituted aryl are selected from: (1) halo; or (2) alkyl; or (3) substituted alkyl; (C) heteroaryl; (D) substituted heteroaryl; or (E) when R¹ is taken together with X, then the moiety is


3. The compound of claim 2 wherein R¹ is selected from: (A) phenyl; (B) substituted phenyl wherein the substituents on said substituted phenyl are selected from: (1) halo; (2) alkyl; (3) alkyl substituted with halo; (C) heteroaryl selected from: pyridyl, thienyl, pyrimidinyl, thiazolyl or pyridyl N-Oxide; (D) alkyl substituted thiazolyl; or (E) when R¹ is taken together with X, then the moiety is

wherein c is 0 or 1, and when c is 1 then R⁶ is halo.
 4. The compound of claim 3 wherein R¹ is selected from; (A) phenyl; (B) substituted phenyl, wherein the substituents on said substituted phenyl are independently selected from: chloro, fluoro or trifluoromethyl; (C) heteroaryl selected from:

(D) substituted hetetoaryl of the formula:

(E) when R is taken together with X, then the moiety is

wherein c is 0 or 1, and when c is 1 then R⁶ is fluoro.
 5. The compound of claim 1 wherein R¹ is selected from: (A) phenyl; (B) substituted phenyl, wherein the substituents on said substituted phenyl are independently selected from: chloro, fluoro or trifluoromethyl; (C) pyridyl; or (D) substituted heteroaryl of the formula:

(E) when R¹ is taken together with X, then the moiety is

wherein c is 0 or 1, and when c is 1 then R⁶ is fluoro.
 6. The compound of claim 5 wherein R¹ is pyridyl.
 7. The compound of claim 6 wherein R¹ is


8. The compound of claim 1 wherein X is ═C(NOR³), and R³ is selected from H or alkyl.
 9. The compound of claim 8 wherein R³ is selected from H, methyl or ethyl.
 10. The compound of claim 9 wherein R³ is methyl.
 11. The compound of claim 1 wherein: (1) M² is nitrogen; and (2) M³ and M⁴ are selected such that: (a) one is carbon and the other is nitrogen, or (b) both are nitrogen.
 12. The compound of claim 11 wherein M³ is carbon, and M⁴ is nitrogen.
 13. The compound of claim 1 wherein: n is 2; a is 0 or 1; b is 0 or 1; c is 0 or 1, and when c is 1 then R⁶ is halo; e is 1 to 5; and p is
 2. 14. The compound of claim 1 wherein Y is ═C(O).
 15. The compound of claim 1 wherein Z is C₁ to C₃ alkyl.
 16. The compound of claim 1 wherein Z is


17. The compound of claim 1 wherein R² is a six membered heteroaryl ring.
 18. The compound of claim 17 wherein R² is selected from pyridyl, pyridyl substituted with —NR⁴R⁵, pyrimidinyl, or pyrimidinyl substituted with —R⁴R⁵.
 19. The compound of claim 18 wherein R² is pyridyl substituted with —NH₂, or pyrimidinyl substituted with —NH₂.
 20. The compound of claim 19 wherein R² is


21. The compound of claim 1 wherein R⁴ is H or lower alkyl; R⁵ is H, C₁ to C₆alkyl, or —C(O)R⁴; R¹² is alkyl, hydroxy or fluoro; and R¹³ is alkyl, hydroxy or fluoro.
 22. The compound of claim 21 wherein R⁴ is H or methyl; R⁵ is H or methyl; R¹² is hydroxy or fluoro; and R¹³ is hydroxy or fluoro.
 23. The compound of claim 1 wherein: (1) R¹ is selected from: (A) aryl; (B) substituted aryl, wherein the substituents on said substituted aryl are selected from: (1) halo; or (2) alkyl; or (3) substituted alkyl; (C) heteroaryl; or (D) substituted heteroaryl; or (E) when R¹ is taken together with X, then the moiety is

(2) X is ═C(NOR³); (3) R³ is selected from H or alkyl; (4) M² is nitrogen; (5) Y is ═C(O); (6) M³ and M⁴ are selected such that: (1) one is carbon and the other is nitrogen, or (2) both are nitrogen; (7) Z is C₁ to C₃ alkyl; and (8) R² is a six membered heteroaryl ring.
 24. The compound of claim 23 wherein: (1) R¹ is selected from: (A) phenyl; (B) substituted phenyl wherein the substituents on said substituted phenyl are selected from: (1) halo; (2) alkyl; (3) alkyl substituted with halo; (C) heteroaryl selected from: pyridyl, thienyl, pyrimidinyl, thiazolyl or pyridyl N-Oxide; or (D) alkyl substituted thiazolyl; or (E) when R¹ is taken together with X, then the moiety is

wherein c is 0 or 1, and when c is 1 then R⁶ is halo; (2) R³ is selected from H, methyl or ethyl; (3) n is 2, (4) a is 0 or 1, (5) b is 0 or 1, (6) c is 0 or 1 and when c is 1 then R⁶ is halo, (7) e is 1 to 5, (8) p is 2, (9) R⁴ is H or lower alkyl, (10) R⁵ is H, C₁ to C₆alkyl, or —C(O)R⁴; (11) R¹² is alkyl, hydroxy or fluoro, and (12) R¹³ is alkyl, hydroxy or fluoro.
 25. The compound of claim 24 wherein R² is

R¹ is

M² is nitrogen, M³ is carbon, and M⁴ is nitrogen.
 26. The compound of claim 1 selected from: Compound 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 41, 44, 45, 49, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57A, 59, 65, 75, 76, 80, 82, 83, 88, 92, 99, 104, 105, 110, 111, 117, 121, 123, 127, 128, 200-241, 244-273, 275, 278-282, 287, 296, 301-439, or
 446. 27. The compound of claim 1 selected from: Compound 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 50, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57A, 59, 92, 212, 215, 218, 219, 220, 224, 225, 226, 227, 229, 233, 235, 237, 238, 246, 246A, 247, 248, 251, 253, 253A, 268-273, 275, 278-281, 287, 296, 301, 304-307, 309, 312, 314-318, 320-356, or 358-376.
 28. The compound of claim 1 selected from: Compound 30, 31, 32, 33, 54, 55, 56, 57A, 225, 237, 246A, 253A, 273, or 280, 287, 296, 301, 304-307, 309, 312, 314-318, 320-348, 350-356, 359-372, or 374-376.
 29. The compound of claim 1 selected from: Compound 32, 54, 55, 253A, 287 or
 320. 30. The compound of claim 1 having the formula:


31. The compound of claim 1 having the formula:


32. The compound of claim 1 having the formula


33. The compound of claim 1 having the formula:


34. The compound of claim 1 having the formula:


35. The compound of claim 1 having the formula:


36. The compound of claim 1 having the formula:


37. The compound of claim 1 having the formula:


38. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of a compound of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically effective carrier.
 39. A method of treating: allergy, allergy-induced airway responses, congestion, cardiovascular disease, diseases of the GI tract, hyper and hypo motility and acidic secretion of the gastrointestinal tract, obesity, sleeping disorders, disturbances of the central nervous system, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, hypo and hyperactivity of the central nervous system, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, and migraine comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of claim
 1. 40. The method of claim 39 wherein allergy-induced airway responses are treated.
 41. The method of claim 39 wherein allergy or nasal congestion is treated.
 42. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of a compound of claim 1, and an effective amount of H₁ receptor antagonist, and a pharmaceutically effective carrier.
 43. A method of treating: allergy, allergy-induced airway responses, and congestion comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of claim 1 in combination with an effective amount of an H₁ receptor antagonist.
 44. The method of claim 43 wherein said H₁ receptor antagonist is selected from: astemizole, azatadine, azelastine, acrivastine, bromphentramine, cetirizine, chlorpheniramine, clemastine, cyclizine, carebastine, cyproheptadine, carbinoxamine, descarboethoxyloratadine, diphenhydramine, doxylamine, dimethindene, ebastine, epinastine, efletirizine, fexofenadine, hydroxyzine, ketotifen, loratadine, levocabastine, meclizine, mizolastine, mequitazine, mianserin, noberastine, norastemizole, picumast, pyrilamine, promethazine, terfenadine, tripelennamine, temelastine, trimeprazine or triprolidine.
 45. The method of claim 44 wherein said H₁ receptor antagonist is selected from: loratadine, descarboethoxyloratadine, fexofenadine or cetirizine.
 46. The method of claim 45 wherein said H₁ receptor antagonist is selected from: loratadine or descarboethoxyloratadine.
 47. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of a compound of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically effective carrier, wherein said compound of claim 1 is selected from:


48. A method of treating: allergy, allergy-induced airway responses, congestion, cardiovascular diseases diseases of the GI tract, hyper and hypo motility and acidic secretion of the gastro-intestinal tract, obesity, sleeping disorders, disturbances of the central nervous system, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, hypo and hyperactivity of the central nervous system, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, and migraine comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of claim 1, wherein said compound of claim 1 is selected from:


49. The method of claim 48 wherein allergy-induced airway responses are treated.
 50. The method of claim 48 wherein allergy or nasal congestion is treated.
 51. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of a compound of claim 1, and an effective amount of H₁ receptor antagonist, and a pharmaceutically effective carrier, wherein said compound of claim 1 is selected from:


52. A method of treating: allergy, allergy-induced airway responses, and congestion comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of claim 1 in combination with an effective amount of an H₁ receptor antagonist, wherein said compound of claim 1 is selected from:


53. The method of claim 52 wherein said H₁ receptor antagonist is selected from: astemizole, azatadine, azelastine, acnvastine, brompheniramine, cetirizine, chlorpheniramine, clemastine, cyclizine, carebastine, cyproheptadine, carbinoxamine, descarboethoxyloratadine, diphenhydramine, doxylamine, dimethindene, ebastine, epinastine, efletirizine, fexofenadine, hydroxyzine, ketotifen, loratadine, levocabastine, meclizine, mizolastine, mequitazine, mianserin, noberastine, norastemizole, picumast, pyrilamine, promethazine, terfenadine, tripelennamine, temelastine, trimeprazine or triprolidine.
 54. The method of claim 53 wherein said H₁ receptor antagonist is selected from: loratadine, descarboethoxyloratadine, fexofenadine or cetirizine.
 55. The method of claim 54 wherein said H₁ receptor antagonist is selected from: loratadine or descarboethoxyloratadine. 